Yadda ake amfani da su kuma me yasa ba su da rikici
Alurar rigakafi suna motsa jikinka don samar da rigakafi da cutar. Wasu suna amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai yayin da wasu suke amfani da aiki ko kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ko kwayoyin cuta. Ga wasu cututtuka, nau'i biyu suna samuwa kuma kowannensu yana bada shawara ga mutane daban-daban, irin su wadanda ba su da kariya. Kuna iya samun tambayoyi game da ko za ku ci gaba da cutar da cutar bayan samun maganin alurar riga kafi saboda zubar da jini.
Kwayoyin magani na rayuwa suna da lafiya, tare da wasu kariya, musamman idan aka kwatanta da hadarin samun cutar kanta da yada shi ga wasu.
Live vs. Mactivated Vaccines
Kwayoyin magani na rayuwa sun ƙunshi nauyin cutar ko kwayoyin rauni. Wannan shine, da bambanci, ga "kashe" ko maganin alurar rigakafi. Zai iya jin tsoro a farkon gane cewa maganin alurar rigakafi ya ƙunshi cutar tareda rauni ko kwayoyin cuta, amma waɗannan sun canza don haka ba za su iya haifar da cutar-a kalla a cikin mutane da tsarin lafiya ba, kuma mafi yawan mutane ba tare da tsarin lafiyar lafiya ba .
Idan yarinya (ko babba) yana da tsarin rigakafi, an ba da alurar riga kafi. Inda wannan zai iya zama matsala shine tare da zubar. Bayan karbar alurar riga kafi, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu rauni za su yi tafiya cikin jiki kuma zasu iya kasancewa a cikin ɓoye na jiki irin su feces.
Wani babban irin maganin alurar riga kafi ne daga cutar ko kuma kwayoyin cuta (allurar rigakafi) ko kuma kawai sassan kwayar cuta ko kwayoyin cutar (maganin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta).
Abũbuwan amfãni da amfani da kwayoyin magani
Ana yin maganin alurar rigakafin rayuwa mafi kyau don magance cututtuka na halitta kuma yakan samar da kariya ta rayuwa tare da daya ko biyu allurai. Mafi yawan maganin alurar rigakafi, da bambanci, yana buƙatar ƙwayoyin mahimmanci da yawa da kuma boosters (shekaru daga baya) don samun irin wannan rigakafi. A wasu nau'o'in maganin alurar rigakafi, an ba da kashi na biyu saboda wasu mutane ba su amsa da kashi na farko ba, amma wannan ba a dauki darajarsa ba.
Rayayyun Gwari
Yara suna samun maganin alurar riga kafi na shekaru masu yawa, kuma waɗannan maganin alurar rigakafi suna dauke da lafiya ga masu lafiya. A gaskiya ma, daya daga cikin maganin alurar rigakafi, maganin rigakafi, shine maganin alurar riga kafi. Saboda yaduwar rigakafi, yanayin asibiti na ƙarshe ya faru a shekara ta 1977 (akwai wani shari'ar da aka samu ta hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 1978) kuma an kwantar da cutar a duniya a shekara ta 1979.
Misalai na Rayayyun Gwari
Rayayyun alurar riga kafi sun hada da:
- MMR: Haɗuwa da rigakafi, mumps, da maganin rigakafi
- Vavivax: maganin varicella ko maganin alurar kaza
- Sha'idar : Haɗin MMR da Varivax
- RotaTeq da Rotarix: Rotavirus maganin alurar riga kafi
- Flumist: Gurasar ƙwayar mura ta hanci (cututtuka mai guba shine maganin alurar rigakafi)
- Yaduwar cutar zazzabi: An rigakafi, maganin cutar rigakafin da aka ba da shawarar ga matafiya zuwa yankuna masu haɗari
- Alurar rigakafi masu cutar kyamarar cutar: kwayar cutar kwayar cutar wadda ta kare akan nau'in 4 da kuma rubuta 7 adenovirus, wanda aka amince dashi kawai ga ma'aikatan soja
- Magunguna na asibiti: Ana maganin alurar rigakafi na maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin salmonella typhi , da kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da cutar zafin jiki. An yi amfani da maganin alurar rigakafi, wanda ba a iya aiki ba. Kowace maganin rigakafi ne kawai za'a ba wa matafiya zuwa yankunan haɗari.
- BCG: Ba a yi amfani da alurar rigakafi na Calmette-Guerin tarin fuka ba a Amurka saboda yawancin ya hana TB mai tsanani, wata cuta ba a sani ba a Amurka.
- Kwayar cutar ƙanana: Ba a yi amfani da shi ba tun 1972, amma yana samuwa daga kayan da ake bukata idan an buƙaci
- Cutar rigakafin maganin cutar shan inna (OPV): asali na OPV (maganin Sabin) wani maganin alurar rigakafi kuma an maye gurbin shi a Amurka ta hanyar maganin rigakafin cutar shan inna (maganin alurar rigakafi). Kafin amfani da maganin rigakafin rigakafin inna, akwai wasu lokuta cutar shan inna a kowace shekara a Amurka sunyi jinin saboda maganin.
Kwayoyin cutar kwayar cutar kawai da ake amfani dashi sun hada da MMR, Varivax, Rotavirus, da Flumist (wanda aka fizge murabba'in da ya fi dacewa ga wadanda ke da haɗari).
Tsarin Garkuwar Jiya
Kodayake maganin alurar rigakafi bazai haifar da cututtuka ba a cikin mutanen da suka samo su saboda an yi su tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin rauni, akwai damuwa da damuwa cewa wani mai fama da rashin lafiya zai iya zama marasa lafiya bayan samun maganin alurar riga kafi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ba a bayar da maganin alurar riga kafi ga mutanen da ke samun maganin cutar kanjamau ko wadanda ke fama da cutar HIV mai tsanani, a cikin wasu yanayi.
Ko kuna ba da maganin alurar riga kafi ga wanda ke da matsala tare da tsarin su na rigakafi ya dogara sosai a kan ainihin yanayin da suke da shi da kuma nauyin maganin su. Alal misali, yanzu an bayar da shawarar cewa yara da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV suna samun MMR, Varivax, da kuma maganin rigakafi na rotavirus, dangane da ƙididdigar CD4 + T-lymphocyte.
Magunguna da Shedding da Live Vaccines
Iyaye suna da damuwa game da yayinda 'ya'yansu masu lafiya ya kamata su sami maganin alurar rigakafi idan an bayyana su ga wani wanda ke da matsala tare da tsarin rigakafin su, musamman ma idan sun kasance a kusa da wani mutum wanda ya magance rigakafi.
Abin farin ciki, sai dai OPV da babba, wanda ba a saba amfani dashi ba, yara da ke zaune tare da wani wanda ke da raunin immunologic zai iya samun mafi yawan maganin alurar rigakafi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen rigakafin yara, kamar MMR, Varivax, da kuma maganin rigakafi na rotavirus. Zai zama da wuya mutum yayi kwangila daya daga cikin wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta daga wanda ya sami alurar riga kafi. Abin damuwa mafi girma zai kasance shine yaron da ba a yada ba zai iya samun kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar kyanda ko kaza na kaza kuma ya ba da shi ga mutumin da ke fama da matsalar matsala.
Sharuɗɗa daga Fuskantattun Fasaha Tsarin Gida:
Kulla lambobin sadarwa ga marasa lafiya da maganin rigakafin da bai dace ba ya kamata su sami maganin cutar rigakafi ta hanyar maganin rigakafin cutar saboda sun iya zubar da kwayar cuta kuma su kamu da marasa lafiya tare da maganin rigakafi. Kusa lambobin sadarwa zasu iya karɓar wasu maganin alurar rigakafi don maganin zubar da jini yana da rashin yiwuwar kuma waɗannan suna kawo hadarin kamuwa da cuta zuwa wani batun tare da rikici.
Sai dai idan yaron zai kasance tare da mutumin da yake da mummunar rigakafi, irin su samun satar kwayar halitta da kuma kasancewa a cikin yanayi mai kariya, yaron zai iya samun ƙwayar ƙwayar rigakafin mura.
Abun damuwa a cikin duk wadannan lokuta shine zubar da jini mai kyamawa, wanda wani ya zama m kuma zai iya sanya cutar zuwa wani. Idan ka yi rashin lafiya tare da sanyi, mura, ciwon sanyi, ko wani cuta mai cututtuka, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ka yada shi ga wasu mutane ta hanyar zubar da cutar ko kwayoyin da ke sa ka da lafiya.
Tare da maganin alurar rigakafin gaskiya, kamar maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna, za'a iya zubar da kwayar cutar bayan an yi masa alurar riga kafi ko da yake ba ka da lafiya tare da cutar. Abin farin ciki, lokacin da mafi yawancin mutane ke nunawa ga maganin alurar rigakafi, ba su da rashin lafiya, saboda an nuna su ga cutar maganin cutar ta ragu. An yi zaton wannan an yi amfani da maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna, musamman ma a yankunan da tsabtace tsabta da tsafta don tsaftacewa ga wasu. Duk da haka, zubar da alurar rigakafi na iya zama matsala idan mutumin da aka fallasa yana da matsala mai tsanani.
Abin farin, maganin alurar rigakafi ba yawanci ba ne saboda:
- Yawancin alurar rigakafi ba su da rai kuma ba a zubar da su ba, ciki har da DTaP, Tdap, fuka-fuka, Hib, hepatitis A da B, Prevnar, IPV, da kuma HPV da kuma allurar rigakafi na meningococcal.
- An hana amfani da allurar rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna a Amurka da kuma sauran ƙasashe inda aka kawo cutar shan inna.
- Kwayar cutar ta MMR baya haifar da zubar, sai dai cewa ɓangaren maganin alurar rigakafi na iya ƙyaƙuwa a cikin ƙuƙwarar nono. Tun da rubella ne yawancin kamuwa da cuta a yara, za a iya yin alurar riga kafi idan kana nono. Yana da mahimmanci cewa mutum zai aika da cutar maganin cutar zuwa wani mutum bayan inganta kyanda ta wannan hanyar. Binciken na yau da kullum game da maganin rigakafi na MMR a shekara ta 2016 "ya tabbatar cewa babu wani tabbacin tabbatar da cutar kwayar cutar kyanda."
- Kwayar cutar maras nama ba zai haifar da zubar ba sai dai idan yaro ya taso da raguwa mai wuya bayan ya sami alurar riga kafi. Har ila yau, an yi la'akari da hadarin, kuma CDC yayi rahoton kawai lokuta biyar na watsa maganin rigakafi na varicella bayan rigakafin ciki har da fiye da miliyan 55 na maganin alurar riga kafi.
- Rikicin kwayar cutar rotavirus yana haifar da zub da jini a cikin turkusa kuma ana iya kauce masa ta hanyar tsabtace tsabta na yau da kullum, kamar wanke hannuwan hannu. Mutum mai rigakafi ya kamata ya guji gujewa takunkumi na akalla mako guda bayan yaron ya sami maganin rigakafi na rotavirus.
- Canji na rayayye, ƙwayar rigakafi na ƙwayar mura ba ta faru ba lokacin da aka kimantawa a wasu saituna, ciki har da wadanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV, yara suna samun chemotherapy, da kuma mutanen da ba a rigakace su ba.
Kuma ba shakka, yara suna zubar da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da matukar damuwa idan ba a ba su alurar riga kafi ba kuma suna bunkasa kowane irin wadannan cututtuka na rigakafi .
Abin da Kuna Bukata Don Ku sani Game da Kan Liga
Akwai wasu tsare-tsaren da za a yi la'akari da maganin alurar rigakafi:
- Ana iya bada alurar rigakafi masu yawa a lokaci guda, amma idan ba haka ba ne, ya kamata ku jira a kalla makonni huɗu kafin samun wata rigakafi ta kwayar cutar don kada su tsoma baki tare da juna.
- Yawanci ana bada shawara cewa yara da zasu iya samun suturar kwayoyin halitta zasu iya sabunta su kan maganin alurar rigakafi masu rai a kalla makonni hudu kafin a fara dashi.
- Bugu da ƙari, yaran da ke samun chemotherapy, yara da suke samun ciwon sukari kullum don kwanaki 14 ko fiye ya kamata jinkirta jinkirin maganin alurar riga kafi na akalla watanni uku. Maimakon kasancewar hadarin kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta, wannan shawarwarin yawanci ne saboda alurar rigakafi ba zai yi aiki ba idan mutum yana cikin steroid.
- Ana yin maganin alurar rigakafin rayuwa don kare lafiyar cutar West Nile, cutar sida na jini (RSV,) virus na Parainfluenza, Herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus (CMV), da kuma Dengue cutar (ƙananan zazzaɓi).
- CDC ta ce za a kauce masa maganin alurar rigakafi idan ka kasance nono, amma "lokacin da iyayen mata ba za su iya kaucewa ko jinkirta tafiya zuwa yankunan da zazzabi na zazzabi ba, wanda za'a iya samun haɗarin haɗari, dole ne a yi wa mata wadannan alurar rigakafi." Tsarin kulawa ya shafi lokuta uku na cutar marasa lafiya a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar zazzabi na ƙwayar cutar ƙwayar cutar ƙwayar cutar ta jiki.
- Rubar da cutar ta rigakafi ba zai haifar da annobar cutar -maganin maganin alurar rigakafi na yau da kullum ba .
Lashin Ƙasa a Kan Rayayyun Gurasa
Yawancin maganin rigakafin cutar da ake amfani da shi a hankali yana haifar da matsala ga yaro da kuma rashin haɗarin kyamarar hoto wanda zai iya haifar da cututtuka a wasu waɗanda za a iya hana su. Mutane na iya jin labarin hadarin cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka ( maganin cutar shan alurar rigakafi ) daga maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna, amma ba a ba wannan maganin alurar riga kafi a Amurka ba. Akwai wasu tsare-tsaren da za a yi la'akari da su, irin su a cikin sautin kwayar halitta.
Abin da ke haifar da mafi haɗari a duk hanyar da ke kusa shine lokacin da waɗanda basu rigakafi ba su inganta wadannan cututtuka. Idan kana da wata damuwa game da yaronka don samun maganin alurar rigakafi, musamman idan yaro ko wani a gida yana da matsala tare da tsarin rigakafi, tabbatar da magana da dan jaririn.
> Sources
> Doherty, M., Schmidt-Orr, R., Santos, J. et al. Alurar rigakafi na Musamman: Kare Mai Kyau. Alurar riga kafi . 2016. 34952): 6681-6690.
> Kliegman R, Stanton B, W. SGJ, Schor NF, Behrman RE. Nelson Littafin rubutu na Pediatrics . Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016.
> Lopez A, Mariette X, Bachelez H, et al. Shawarwari na rigakafi don Adult Matsalar Immunospressed: Rahoton Tsare-tsaren da Tsarin Mulki Maɗaukaki. Jaridar Autoimmunity . 2017. 80: 10-27.
> Kwamitin Shawarar Kwararrun Kwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun, Shearer, W., Fleisher, T. et al. Shawarwari don maganin cututtuka na kwayar cutar da kwayar cutar ta kwayar cutar a cikin marasa lafiya marasa lafiya da ƙananan lambobi. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology . 2014. 133 (4): 961-6.