Magunguna sunyi aiki mai kyau na magance cututtukan cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa, kamar Amurka, da iyaye sukan manta da yadda suke da muhimmanci da kuma yadda rayuwa zata kasance ba tare da su ba.
Magunguna na yanzu da shirye-shiryen rigakafin da suka gabata sun yanzu sun mallake 10 manyan cututtuka.
Abin takaici, ba duk muna rayuwa ne a lokacin wanzuwa ba.
Magungunan rigakafi na rigakafin rigakafi a cikin Wuta
Sai dai kanananpox, yawancin cututtuka suna cike da yawa a duniya ta uku da kasashe masu tasowa, wanda zai iya nufin komawa ko'ina inda za'a fara jinkirta ko dakatar da allurar rigakafi. A dukan duniya, Kungiyar Harkokin Duniya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoto cewa akwai ciwon da ke fama da cutar yara da yawa daga wadannan cututtuka, ciki har da:
- diphtheria - mutane 4,489 da mutuwar 2,500 (2011)
- Haemophilus influenzae irin b cuta - 199,000 mutuwar (2008)
- kyanda - 122,000 mutuwar (2012)
- mumps - fiye da mutane 680,000 a yara da manya (2012)
- neonatal tetanus - mutuwar mutane 59,000 (2008)
- pertussis - mutuwar mutane 195,000 (2008)
- cutar pneumococcal - 476,000 mutuwar (2008)
- Poliomyelitis - kawai 404 cases a 2013
- rotavirus - 453,000 mutuwar (2008)
- Rubella - akalla 300 lokuta na ciwo na nakasar cutar (2012)
- Rubella - fiye da 94,000 lokuta na rubella (2012)
- karamin (an kawar da shi a cikin duniya a 1980)
- tetanus - 63,000 mutuwar (2008)
- yellow fever - 130,000 lokuta da kuma 44,000 mutuwar (2013)
Muna ci gaba duk da haka. Kamfanin CDC ya kiyasta cewa a duniya, "kimanin mutane miliyan 13.8 sun hana rigakafin cutar kyanda a 2000-2012" kuma muna kusa da kawar da cutar shan inna.
Polio yanzu yana fama da ita kawai a kasashen biyu - Afghanistan da Pakistan.
Cutar cututtuka da annobar cutar cututtuka
Kwayoyin cuta na yanzu cututtuka na rigakafin rigakafi sun kasance sau ɗaya. A gaskiya ma, annobar cutar kyanda sau daya ya faru a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa biyar a cikin Amurka, wanda ya shafi mutane 200,000 zuwa 500,000.
Ko da yake an kawar da cutar kyanda a Amurka, wasu lokuta ana shigo da su daga wasu sassan duniya. Wancan ya sa saboda cutar kyanda ta zama babban dalilin mutuwar kananan yara a duniya.
Ko da mawuyacin rashin lafiya da yawa, kamar cutar kyanda, da cutar shan inna, da kuma diphtheria a Amurka, iyaye ba za su manta da cewa wadannan cututtuka ba kamar jirgin ne kawai ya tashi daga ɗanku. Wannan shine yadda farkon 2008 California Measlesbreakbreak ya fara - wani yaro wanda ba shi da yarinya wanda yayi tafiya zuwa Sweden ya kamu da cutar kyanda, ya kamu da rashin lafiya, kuma ya sami sauran yara da ke fama da cutar kyanda.
Kamar yadda sauri wadannan cututtuka na iya yadawa kuma ya nuna haske ta wasu annobar cutar da annoba ta kwanan nan:
- tarin diphtheria, pertussis, da kyanda sun karu sosai bayan rabuwa na Tarayyar Soviet yayin da kwayoyin cutar ba su samo asali a Rasha da sauran ƙasashe masu zaman kansu ba. A gaskiya, lokuttan diphtheria sun kai matakan annoba a 1995 kuma akwai mutuwar mutane sama da 4,000 a lokacin fashewa.
- da cutar kyanda a Ireland a shekarar 2000 bayan amfani da cutar ta MMR ta yau da kullum saboda rashin lafiyar rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da adadin 1407 da shigar da yara 111 zuwa asibiti. Har ma fiye da, 13 daga cikin yara sun kamu da rashin lafiya da za a shigar da su a cikin sashin kulawa mai kulawa, bakwai sun kasance a kan na'urorin motsa jiki don taimakawa su numfashi, kuma yara uku sun mutu.
- tayi girma a cikin Turai, har zuwa 30,000 a shekara ta 2011, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 8, ƙwayoyin cuta 27 na cutar kyanda, da kuma 1,482 lokuta na ciwon huhu. Mafi yawancin lokuta sun kasance marasa lafiya (82%) ko kuma ba cikakke rigakafi (13%) mutane ba, bayan da aka rage amfani da maganin rigakafi ta MMR saboda damuwa akan hanyar da zata iya yiwuwa zuwa autism.
- annobar cutar shan inna a Netherlands (1992) da kuma Amurka da Kanada a cikin mutanen Amish (1978) - dukkanin mutanen da ba a san su ba.
- asarar rayukan pertussis a Japan (1979) da kuma Sweden (1983) bayan an riga an rage yawan rigakafi da kuma haifar da mutuwar yara 41 a Japan a wannan shekara.
- yaduwar cutar kyanda a Netherlands (1999 zuwa 2000) a tsakanin al'ummomin da ba a ba su ba, wanda ya ƙare tare da 3,292 lokuta na kyanda, 72 asibiti, da kuma mutuwar 3.
- wani annobar rubella a 1991 a tsakanin Amish a Pennsylvania, wanda ke da ƙananan yaduwar rigakafi, ya jagoranci 95 mata masu juna biyu da ciwon gurbi, ya haifar da lalacewar 9 da kuma sharuɗɗa 11 na cutar ciwo.
- a Japan a shekara ta 2013, akwai sharuɗɗa 14,357 na rubella da kuma aƙalla lambobi 31 na cutar ciwo na nakasar.
Ciwon kwari
Dipheria wani maganin rigakafi ne wanda cutar Corynebacterium diphtheriae ta haifar. Kwayar cututtuka na iya hada da zazzaɓi, ciwon makogwaro, da hanci, kuma zai iya kama da sanyi. Kwayoyin diphtheria na iya haifar da toxin wanda zai iya haifar da fataccen fata, wanda zai iya zub da jini, don farawa a kan kututtukan mutum. Hakanan za su iya ci gaba da bayyanar "ƙuƙwalwar wuyansa" saboda gland a cikin wuyansa domin haka aka kara girma.
Sashin kamuwa da cuta irin su strep throat a kan mahaifa, kuma ba shakka ba wani abu da kake son yara su samo, musamman tun da wasu daga cikin rikitarwa sun hada da myocarditis (ƙin zuciya), haɗarin iska, coma, da mutuwa. A gaskiya ma, kashi 5% zuwa 10% na mutanen da ba su da dangantaka da diphtheria sun mutu.
Kodayake akwai lokuta da dama a fannin diphtheria a Amurka, kafin rigakafi na yau da kullum tare da maganin rigakafin diphtheria (D a cikin D TaP vaccine), wanda ya fara a shekarun 1920, akwai fiye da mutum 125,000 da mutuwar 10,000 kowace shekara.
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Sau da yawa mutane sukan rikita wannan kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta kamuwa da mura, amma babu abinda za a yi tare da mura sai dai saboda an gano shi a lokacin annoba.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), kafin yin amfani da shi na yau da kullum na maganin cutar Hib, shine magungunan kwayoyin cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta da kuma kwayoyin cutar kwayar cuta (cutar jini), ciwon huhu, da kuma endocarditis (wani kamuwa da ƙwaƙwalwar zuciya ). Hakanan zai iya haifar da cututtuka na kwayan cuta a wasu sassa na jiki, ciki har da cellulitis (cututtukan fata), cututtukan cututtuka na suppurative (ciwon haɗin gwiwa), da kuma osteomyelitis (cututtuka na kashi).
Epiglottis, wani kamuwa da cuta wanda cutar ta Hib za ta iya haifar da shi, wata gaggawa ce ta likita da iyaye, saboda yara da suka shafi abin da ake ciki sun buƙaci magani mai sauri da gwani don samun damar tsira.
Kafin amfani da rigakafi na Hib a shekara ta 1988, kimanin yara 20,000 suna fama da cutar Hib a kowace shekara, ciki har da lambobi 12,000 na kwayar cutar kwayar cuta. Matsalolin samun ciwon ciwon mutum zai iya zama mai tsanani, yana shafi kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari na yara, kuma ya haɗa da kurkuku, sutura, makanta, da kuma jinkirin tunanin mutum. Kuma game da kashi 5 cikin dari na yara da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta wadda cutar ta Hib ta haifar ta mutu.
Matakan
Sakamakon abu ne mai kamuwa da kwayar cutar bidiyo. Kafin rigakafin rigakafin cutar kyanda ya fara a Amurka ya fara a 1963, akwai kimanin miliyan 4 na kyanda a kowace shekara.
Kuma rashin alheri, game da kashi 20 cikin dari na yara da ke da kyanda suna da matsaloli, ciki har da ciwon kunne (10%), ciwon huhu (5%), da kuma ƙananan ƙwayar cutar kyanda (0.1% ko 1 a 1,000). Encephalitis ƙashin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ne wanda zai haifar da kamawa, kurari, da kwakwalwa.
Mafi mahimmanci, kimanin 1 zuwa 3 daga cikin 1,000 kwayoyin cutar kyanda ya haifar da mutuwa.
Saboda yana da matukar damuwa, har yanzu akwai matsala a wurare da dama na duniya, kuma wasu iyaye suna damuwa game da lafiyar kwayar cutar MMR da yiwuwar alaka da autism, masana kiwon lafiya suna kula da cutar kyanda ta hanyar yaduwar cutar rigakafi. .
Mumps
Mumps ne nau'i na parotitis (kumburi da parotid gland shine) da aka lalacewa ta hanyar paramyxovirus. Rarrabai na iya haɗawa da meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis (kumburi da ovaries ko kwayoyin), pancreatitis, da kuma myocarditis.
Sai dai ga wani mummunar mummunan mummunan cutar, mumps din yanzu yana da wuya a Amurka. An gabatar da allurar rigakafi a 1968 kuma ya fara amfani dashi fiye da 1977 (ita ce tsakiyar M a maganin M M R).
A duk duniya, har yanzu akwai fiye da mutane 400,000 na mumps a shekara ta 2006.
Pertussis
Tsaro, ko kuma wanda ke fama da tari, yana haifar da kwayoyin Btetella pertussis . Kodayake yanzu yana haɗuwa da haifar da mummunan lalacewa, a lokacin yarinya da kuma manya, yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa pertussis ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan dalilai na mutuwa daga cututtuka ga yara. A gaskiya ma, kafin amfani da maganin rigakafi na yau da kullum a cikin shekarun 1940, kimanin 1 daga kowace yara 750 a Amurka za su mutu daga pertussis kowace shekara.
Kwayar cutar cututtuka sun hada da ciwon daji, ciwon huhu, bugun zuciya, rashin lafiya (cututtukan halin canzawa), kuma har zuwa 1% na jarirai masu kamu da gaske sun mutu daga pertussis.
Ba kamar yawancin cututtukan maganin rigakafin cutar ba, akwai ci gaba da zama kimanin 5,000 zuwa 7,000 lokuta na pertussis kowace shekara a Amurka. Wannan shi ne mafi yawa saboda rigakafi daga ƙwayoyin rigakafi na yara (wanda ke cikin DT a vaccine) yana ci gaba bayan shekaru 5 zuwa 10, saboda haka matasa da manya zasu iya samun pertussis sannan su mika shi ga jarirai da jariran da basu kammala maganin rigakafin su ba Duk da haka. Wani shawarwarin da za a yi don yin amfani da kara ( Tdap ) a shekara 12 yana taimakawa wajen magance cututtukan pertussis duk da haka.
Polio
Kodayake mutane ba su da tunanin tunanin cutar shan inna, kuma wasu suna tunanin cewa an riga an kawar da su, akwai kimanin mutane 2,000 na cutar shan inna a duniya a shekara ta 2006. Yawancin lokuta an mayar da hankali ne a wasu kasashe, ciki har da Afghanistan da Pakistan, inda har yanzu mawuyacin hali.
Kafin a fara amfani da allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna a 1955, annobar cutar shan inna ta kasance a cikin Amurka duk da haka. Polio ne ke haifar da kwayar cuta kuma ko da yake yara da dama da suka kamu da cutar ba su ci gaba da nuna wani bayyanar cututtuka ba, kimanin 1 cikin 200 wadanda kamuwa da cutar sun kamu da cutar shan inna. Yawancin wadannan yara suna fama da rashin lafiya kuma 5 zuwa 10% basu tsira.
Yayinda ake fama da annobar cutar a Amurka, akwai kimanin mutane 21,000 na cutar shan inna a kowace shekara. Iyaye sun ji tsoron cutar polio sosai da cewa ana yin wasanni da wuraren wasanni a lokacin lokacin bazara lokacin da akwai annoba.
Matakan rigakafin rigakafi a cikin 'yan kalilan da suka rage inda cutar shan inna ta kasance matsala kuma ci gaba da rigakafi a duk sauran sassa na duniya ya kamata ya nuna cewa burin kawar da cutar shan inna mai gaskiya ne.
Rubella
Rubella kuma an san shi da Jamusanci kyanda ne ko "kyakoki na kwana uku" kuma ba kamar yawancin cututtukan maganin rigakafin cutar ba, wannan cututtuka mai cututtuka yawanci sosai. A gaskiya ma, mutane da yawa da rubella ba su da wani alamomi. Sauran suna da lymphadenopathy (kumbura mai fadi), rash, da ƙananan zazzaɓi wanda yawanci yana kwana uku.
Idan rubella ta kasance mai sauƙi, to me yasa muke bukatar maganin rigakafin rubella?
Dalilin dalili shi ne cewa har zuwa 80% na jariran da aka haife su ga iyaye mata da suke da rubella a lokacin da suka fara ciki na farko sukan haifar da cututtuka na nakasa, tare da kara yawan haɗari. Wadannan jariran an haife su da yawancin lahani, ciki har da cataracts, deafness, glaucoma, cututtukan zuciya, hepatitis, nauyin haihuwa, tsinkayar tunanin mutum, microcephaly (wani babba babba), da kuma purin thrombocytopenic (low platelet ƙidaya a cikin jini).
A lokacin yaduwar cututtuka a 1964 zuwa 1965, akwai kimanin 20,000 lokuta na ciwo na nakasassu. Rubella yanzu yana da wuya a Amurka tun lokacin gabatar da maganin rigakafin rubella a shekarar 1969 (yana da wani ɓangare na maganin MM R ), amma har yanzu yana da matsala a sauran duniya, tare da fiye da 250,000 lokuta a shekara ta 2006.
Tetanus
Yawancin iyaye suna haɗa tetanus tare da "lockjaw" kuma suna buƙatar harbin tetanus idan ka tashi a kan ƙusa.
Rashin kamuwa da jarirai a cikin jarirai (neonatal tetanus tare da kututtukan ƙwayar cuta) wanda yayi amfani da shi har yanzu ya zama mafi yawancin cututtuka na tetanus kuma yana da matukar tsanani, har zuwa 95% na jariran suka mutu. Wadannan cututtuka sun kasance a kan ragu lokacin da aka fara samun maganin rigakafi a 1938 duk da haka, saboda inganta yanayin bayarwa da tsabta.
Tetanus yana haifar da toxins da Clostridium tetani kwayoyin halitta suka haifar. Spores na kwayoyin C. tetani suna samuwa a cikin ƙasa da kuma cikin hanji na dabbobi da yawa. Cigaban zai iya shawo kan cututtuka, suma, da sauran raunuka - musamman raunuka.
Ba kamar sauran cututtukan maganin alurar rigakafin cutar ba, tetanus ba ta da kwari.
Kyakkyawan tsabta kuma ci gaba da alurar riga kafi tare da maganin rigakafi (T a cikin D T aP da T dap na rigakafi) sun haifar da ƙananan matakan tetanus a Amurka. Har yanzu babban matsala ne a duniya baki daya.
Sauran Magunguna masu Rigakafi
Baya ga manyan cututtuka 10 da suka ci nasara ko sarrafawa sosai a Amurka ta hanyar maganin alurar riga kafi, malaman kiwon lafiya suna aiki akan kawar da wasu tare da sababbin maganin.
Wadannan sun hada da ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin cutar cewa ko dai canza ko hada da damuwa da yawa da kuma maganin yanzu na rigakafi, amma basu kawar da cututtuka ba. Wannan ya hada da maganin alurar rigakafi, wanda dole ne a ba a kowace shekara, pneumococcal, meningococcal, da kuma maganin rigakafi na rotavirus, wanda kawai ke kawo cikas ga kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ganyayyun kaza, hepatitis B, da kuma ciwon rigakafi na cutar hepatitis A, waɗanda ba su kasance ba. an ba mutane da yawa don kawar da waɗannan cututtuka.
- Flu - ko da yake an riga an bada maganin alurar rigakafi a kowace shekara ga dukan yara waɗanda ke da akalla watanni shida, akwai ci gaba da zama kusan 44 zuwa 67 mutuwar yara a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mafi yawa daga cikin yara maras girma.
- Rotavirus - a dukan duniya, akwai kimanin 450,000 zuwa mutuwar 600,000 a cikin yara a kowace shekara daga rotavirus, wata sanadin dalilin cututtukan. A Amurka, rotavirus yana jawo kimanin miliyan 3 na cututtuka, wanda zai kai ga kusan asibiti 80,000, da kuma mutuwar 20 zuwa 40, kodayake wannan yana raguwa sosai yanzu muna da nau'i na rotavirus guda biyu - RotaTeq da Rotarix.
- Chickenpox - ko da yake da yawa iyaye suna tunanin cewa cutar kaji shine rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kafin amfani da Varivax na yau da kullum, maganin alurar riga kafi a 1995, akwai kimanin miliyan 4 na kaji a kowace shekara, tare da kusan 10,500 asibiti da 100 mutuwar a kowace shekara.
- Hepatitis B - kusan kimanin miliyan 400 a duniya suna fama da cutar cutar hepatitis B, ciki har da fiye da mutane miliyan 1 a Amurka. Yara za su iya samun ciwon haifa B daga jini da jikinsu kuma idan an haife su zuwa mahaifiyar da ke ɗauke da hepatitis B, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da muhimmanci su samo asibiti na farko na ciwon haifa na B a wuri-wuri bayan an haife su. Wannan shirin na rigakafin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ya ƙaddamar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cutar ciwon haɗarin B. Tun da wasu yara suka kamu da ciwon hauka B ba tare da wani haɗari ba, wani haifa na haihuwar hepatitis B yana da mahimmanci, koda kuwa mahaifiyar ba ta da ciwon haifa na B.
- Hepatitis A - ba kamar hepatitis B ba, yara sukan saba da ciwon hauka A daga kulawa rana da kuma cin abinci mai gurɓata, ciki har da abincin teku, kayan abinci mai kyau, da kuma annobar cutar a gidajen abinci. Yawancin yara a kasashe masu tasowa sun daina samun kamuwa da cutar cutar hepatitis A, kuma kodayake yawanci ba mutuwa bane, yana daya daga cikin cututtukan maganin rigakafi da yawa a Amurka.
- Pneumococcus - kwayoyin pneumococcus ko Streptococcus pneumoniae na iya haifar da meningitis, ciwon huhu, kwayoyin cutar, da kuma jijiyar kunne. Magunguna guda biyu da suka shafi pneumococcal, ciki har da Prevnar da aka ba su a matsayin wani shiri na rigakafi na yara, kuma Pneumovax, wanda aka ba wa tsofaffi yara masu girma da kuma manya, yana taimakawa wajen rage waɗannan cututtuka. Kafin a yi maganin alurar riga kafi, S. Pneumoniae zai haifar da annoba 700 da ke dauke da kwayoyin cutar kwayar cuta da kuma mutuwar 200 kowace shekara a cikin yara. A dukan duniya, an yi tsammani zai haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.9 a kowace shekara a yara a karkashin shekara 2.
- Meningococcus - kwayoyin cutar meningococcus ko Neisseria meningitides take kaiwa zuwa sama da 50,000 mutuwar a kowace shekara a duniya. A Amurka, akwai kimanin 2,000 zuwa 3,500 lokuta kowace shekara, kuma game da 10% na yara ya shafa ya mutu. Menactra da Menveo maganin rigakafi na maza suna bada shawarar ga dukkan yara lokacin da suke shekaru 11 zuwa 12.
Kuma rashin alheri, akwai cututtukan yara da yawa wadanda ba su da maganin alurar rigakafi, kamar malaria (fiye da mutane 850,000 a kowace shekara), tarin fuka (450,000 mutuwar a kowace shekara), da kuma HIV / AIDs (kimanin mutuwar 320,000 kowace shekara).
> Sources:
> Plotkin: Vaccines, 4th ed.
> Mandell, Bennett, & Dolin: Ka'idoji da Kwarewar cututtuka, 6th ed.
> Dogon: Ka'idoji da Kwarewar cututtukan yara na yara, 2nd ed.
> Gershon: Krugman ta cututtuka na yara na yara, 11th ed.
> Kliegman: Nelson Rubutun Hoto na Ilmin Harkokin Yara, 18th ed.
> CDC. Magungunan rigakafin rigakafi da Gidaran Lafiya ta Duniya da Dabaru, 2006--2015. MMWR. Mayu 12, 2006.
> CDC. Dipheria a cikin Tsohon Soviet Union: Ra'ayi da Cutar AIDS. Kwayoyin cututtuka masu cututtuka. Disamba 1998.
> Rashin fashewa a Dublin, 2000. McBrien J - Pediatr Infect Dis J - 01-JUL-2003; 22 (7): 580-4.
> Kwayoyin cututtuka na rigakafi: abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu, Sashe na I. Weisberg SS - Dis Mon - 01-SEP-2007; 53 (9): 422-66.