Polio ne tsohuwar cutar.
Kodayake cutar ta farko ta cutar shan inna ta yi zaton aukuwar ta faru a 1887, lokacin da aka ruwaito kamfanoni 44 a Stockholm, Sweden, cutar shan inna sun kasance a shekarun 1580 BC.
Wani nau'i na enterovirus, cutar shan inna yana haifar da cututtuka ba tare da bayyanar cututtuka ba ko bayyanar cututtuka, ciki har da ƙananan zazzaɓi da ciwon ƙwayar cuta.
Sauran yara na iya ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka na kamuwa da cutar shan inna , duk da haka, ciki har da wadanda ke da:
- Magungunan marasa jin dadi marasa dacewa - suna da ciwon ƙananan zazzaɓi da ciwon makogwaro tare da ƙwanƙirin wuyansa, baya, da / ko kafafu, da kuma ƙarar ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru, wanda zai iya wuce kwanaki 2 zuwa 10
- Kwayar ciwon sukari - suna da ciwon zazzabi da ciwon makogwaro, sa'an nan kuma bayan 1 zuwa 18 bayan haka, zasu iya inganta ƙwanƙwasa hanzari mai zurfi, ƙwayoyin tsoka mai tsanani, da ƙwayoyin tsoka, sa'annan da ƙananan tsararraki da ƙuƙwalwa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yara suna da ciwo na har abada da kuma ciwon kwari da kwayar cutar shan-inna na ciwo a cikin akalla 2 zuwa 10% na lokuta.
Polio ya tashi a Amurka a shekarar 1952, lokacin da aka samu mutane 21,000 na cutar shan inna.
{Asar Amirka ba ta da cutar shan-inna tun shekara ta 1979. Wannan fashewar da ta wuce ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Amish a cikin jihohi da dama a Midwest.
Magunguna na Polio
Tabbas, shine ci gaba da maganin cutar shan inna na farko da ya hana maganin cutar shan inna a shekara ta 1952 kuma ya taimaka mana mu kawar da cutar shan inna.
Kwayar Salk, wani maganin rigakafin cutar shan inna, an yi lasisi a shekarar 1955. An gabatar da maganin rigakafin Sabin na farko, maganin cutar shan inna, a 1961.
Dukkanin maganin cututtukan polio suna da ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi:
- maganin rigakafi na Sabin yana samar da rigakafin cutar shan inna, ciki har da rigakafi na intestinal, da kuma zubar da cututtukan kwayoyin cutar, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen maganin rigakafi na al'umma, amma maganin alurar rigakafin yana iya jawo cutar shan inna (VAPP) da maganin cutar shan-inna.
- Kwayar Salk ta bayar da kariya mai kyau ga cutar shan inna bayan da uku, musamman cutar shan inna (ciwon rigakafi na ciki ba abu ne mai kyau ba), kuma tun da ba kwayar rigakafin cutar ba, ba zai iya haifar da cutar shan inna ba kuma maganin cutar shan inna.
Lokacin da aka fara maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna na kwayar cutar (an kare shi a kan dukkanin nau'i uku na cutar shan inna) a 1963, ya maye gurbin sallar alurar rigakafi a Amurka.
An gabatar da maganin rigakafin Salk a 1987 kuma ya ci gaba da maye gurbin maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna a kasashe da dama da suka ci gaba wanda ya kawar da cutar shan inna saboda damuwa game da cutar shan inna mai cutar (VAPP).
Yayin da kayi la'akari da ƙarfin maganin rigakafin maganin cutar shan inna, ko da yake, yana da sauƙin ganin dalilin da yasa aka yi amfani da shi yayin da kake kokarin samun cutar shan inna a cikin yanki. Gaba ɗaya, maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna yana da tsada sosai kuma yana da sauki a ba yara, tun da bai buƙatar harbi ba.
Ciwon Poliomyelitis wanda ke da alaka da kwayar cutar
Magunguna da ke haɗuwa da kwayar cutar ta jiki (VAPP) ya faru a lokacin da raunin cutar poliovirus ya raunana a maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna da kuma haifar da wani, ko kuma kusa da shi, don samar da alamun cututtukan cutar shan inna.
Canjin ya faru a cikin hanji na wanda ya karbi maganin rigakafin maganin cutar shan inna, yawanci bayan na farko da kuma mafi yawan mutane da matsaloli na tsarin rigakafi.
Abin farin ciki, VAPP ba zai haifar da annobar cutar shan inna ba kuma yana da wuya sosai, kawai yana faruwa bayan kimanin 1 a cikin kwayoyin cutar maganin polio na 2.7.
Duk da haka, wannan ya ƙare a matsayin shekaru 5 zuwa 10 a kowace shekara a Amurka, kuma da zarar an kawar da cutar shan inna a Amurka, haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin cutar ba ta da kyau ga maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna. Lokacin da kawai yara da ke shan cutar shan inna suna samun maganin cutar shan-inna na cutar ta hanyar rigakafi, ya zama lokaci don canzawa zuwa maganin alurar Salk.
John Salamone ya zama mai neman shawara don wannan canji. Dauda, Dauda, ya ci gaba da VAPP bayan ya samu maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna a 1990. A wannan lokacin, mai rai, maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna har yanzu ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirin rigakafin yara.
Tun farkon shekarar 1977, wani rahoto na IOM na "Bincike da Kanin Poliomyelitis Vaccines" ya bayyana cewa "an zabi manyan manufofi guda biyar na Amurka a cikin kashi 60-70 bisa dari na alurar riga kafi." Wadannan zaɓuɓɓuka ciki har da amfani da OPV kawai, kawai IPV, da haɗuwa da maganin alurar rigakafi biyu, da dai sauransu. Ƙananan alurar riga kafi sun zama babban mahimmanci wajen rinjayar shawarar don tafiya tare da OPV kawai a lokacin.
Yayin da lokaci ya wuce, ya zama a fili cewa canza zuwa IPV ya zama dole, amma jin tsoro na sauya tsarin da yayi aiki sosai don dogon lokaci kuma watakila rashin tabbas cewa sauyawa, ciki har da bukatar buƙata ƙara yawan maganin alurar rigakafi a cikin wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, sun sa masana kiwon lafiya suyi har zuwa 1997. An tsara gyaran maganin alurar rigakafi na IPV / OPV a halin yanzu zuwa tsarin likita na IPV a shekarar 2000.
Alurar rigakafi-samu Poliovirus
Kodayake yana da kama da VAPP, maganin cutar poliovirus sune kadan.
Magungunan cutar poliovirus (VDPV) ya kamu da cutar kwayar cutar daga cututtukan cututtukan poliovirus ta raguwa a maganin rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna kuma zai iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka, amma kuma yana tasowa damar ci gaba da watsawa da kuma haifar da annobar cutar.
Wadannan fashewa ko rarraba maganin maganin alurar rigakafi-samu poliovirus (cVDPV) suna da kyau sosai sosai. Lokacin da suke faruwa, saboda yawancin mutane a cikin al'umma ba su da alurar rigakafi da cutar shan inna, kamar yadda yawan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suka kare a kan cVDPV, kamar yadda suke karewa daga raunin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka.
Sabuwar annobar cutar ta maganin rigakafi-samu poliovirus sun faru a:
- Mali
- Ukraine
- Nijeriya
- Madagaskar
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa kodayake kwayoyin cututtukan polio 580 sun faru bayan fashewar cutar CVPDV a duniya daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa 2011 kuma akwai cututtuka 15,500 na cututtukan cututtuka na paralytic a wannan lokacin, maganin cutar shan inna ya kare fiye da miliyan 5 na cutar shan inna.
Tabbas, ba tare da rigakafin cutar shan inna ba, ba za mu sami VAPP, VDPV, da cVDPV ba, amma za mu koma cikin kwanakin da sama da mutane 500,000 a shekara suka sami cutar shan inna.
Ciwo na Polio-Post-Polio
Sashin ciwon cututtukan cututtuka ita ce wani lokacin da za a saba da sanin lokacin da ake nazarin kwayar cutar shan inna.
Kamar yara da suka warke daga cutar kyanda sannan kuma suna da haɗari na tasowa daga ƙaddamar da ƙwayar cuta (SSPE), cutar ciwon polio ita ce ƙarshen maganin cutar shan inna.
Kimanin kashi 25 zuwa 40 cikin dari na wadanda ke dauke da cutar shan inna na iya haifar da sababbin alamomi 15 zuwa 20 bayan haka. Hanyoyin cututtuka na ciwo da cututtukan cututtuka na jini na iya haɗa da ciwon tsoka, tsokawar tsoka, har ma da sababbin ƙwayar cuta. Ko kuma suna iya ciwo da rashin ƙarfi na tsoka.
Sashin ciwon cututtuka na cutar ba zai faru ba bayan samun rigakafin cutar shan inna.
Abin da Kuna Bukatar Sanin Polio
Wasu abubuwa da za su sani game da cutar shan inna sun hada da cewa:
- Inganta tsabta da tsaftace jiki bai sa cutar shan inna ta ɓace ba, kamar yadda wasu maganin rigakafi da ke tattare da maganin rigakafi . Maimakon haka, cutar shan inna ta sauya daga mummunar yanayi, ta shawo kan yara yayin da suke jarirai, har yanzu suna da kariya daga magungunan mahaifa, zuwa ga annoba, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka bayyana kuma suka haifar da rigakafin lokacin da suke matashi.
- Akwai guda uku daban-daban na serotypes na cututtukan cututtuka (WPV). Kariya ta jiki yana samar da rigakafin rayuwa ta musamman ga cututtukan cututtuka na cutar shan inna wanda ka kamu da cutar.
- SV40 a cikin asibitoci na asali na asibitoci daga 1955 zuwa 1961 ba tare da haɗarin cutar ciwon daji ba.
- Tsarin maganin alurar rigakafi ya hada da maganin rigakafin cutar shan inna a cikin watanni 2, watanni 4, watanni 6 zuwa 18, da kuma karfin zuciya a shekaru 4 zuwa 6.
- Mawuyacin Cutter ya shafi matsala tare da maganin rigakafin cututtukan polio da Cutter Laboratories ke da shi ba wanda ba shi da kyau, ya haifar da cutar shan inna a cikin akalla yara 200 da kuma mutuwa 10 a 1955.
- An samu akalla 73 halaye na maganin alurar rigakafi-wanda aka samo asibiti (iVDPV), wanda mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiyar cuta ya ci gaba da zub da poliovirus bayan maganin alurar riga kafi, yawanci har zuwa watanni shida. Ko da yake har zuwa bakwai daga cikin wadannan lokutta an san su da cutar ta fiye da shekaru biyar, ciki har da wanda yake da cutar maras nauyi (CVID) wanda ya zubar da kwayar rigakafin rigakafin cutar poliovirus har tsawon shekaru 28, wannan ba a yi la'akari da ita ba don yada cutar shan inna ga wasu.
- Saboda VAPP da VDPV, za a yi amfani da allurar rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna a dukan duniya da kuma canzawa zuwa maganin cutar shan inna ba tare da gurɓata ba har sai an kawar da cutar shan inna. Kasashe ba a sauya su zuwa tsarin jigilar rigakafi na IPV har sai sun nuna yawan maganin alurar rigakafi da kuma hadari na shigo da cutar shan inna. Kuma za a canza saurin maganin cutar shan inna mai kwakwalwa bOPV (bOPV), cire nauyin maganin nau'in nau'i na 2, rage yawan haɗarin VAPP da cVDPV. A watan Mayun 2016, ba za a yi amfani da rigakafin cutar shan inna ba (tOPV) ba, kamar yadda za mu sauya amfani da IPV da BOPV.
- Babu maganin cutar shan inna.
- Bugu da ƙari, cutar shan inna, wasu nau'ikan cututtuka na hakika sun haɗa da cututtukan da ba su da kwayar cuta, da rabies, ciwo na Guillain-Barre, cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na West Nile, ƙananan ƙwayoyin myelitis, da kuma myasthenia gravis, da dai sauransu. ko kuma za'a iya bambanta su daga cutar shan inna a wasu hanyoyi.
Mafi mahimmanci, san cewa cutar shan inna yana kusa da an kawar da shi. Kwayar cututtukan polio ya kasance a cikin kasashe uku, Afghanistan, Najeriya da Pakistan, da kuma cutar shan inna a cikin ƙasa. Akwai lokuta 359 na cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka a kasashe masu fama da cututtukan cututtuka a shekarar 2014. Mafi mahimmanci, yawancin cutar shan-inna a shekara ta 2015 sun kasance a kasa da abin da suka kasance a wannan lokacin a shekarar 2014 da iri iri na 2 an yi hukunci ne a 1999) da kuma 3 (lamarin da ya faru a shekarar 2012) ya nuna cewa an kawar da cutar shan inna.
Get ilimi. Samu maganin alurar riga kafi . Dakatar da annobar cutar.
Sources:
CDC. Ayyukan Ci gaban Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, 1900-1999 Imfanin Ciwon Magungunan Ciwon Kwayoyin Shawarar Labaran Ƙwararriyar Yara - Amurka, 1990-1998. MMWR. Afrilu 02, 1999/48 (12); 243-248.
CDC. Cutar AIDS da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Cutar Da Cutar Kanjamau. Littafi Mai Tsarki: Rubutun Lantarki - Edition 13 (2015)
Dunn G. Shekaru ashirin da takwas na Shirye-shiryen Poliovirus a Mutum Mai Cutar Gida: Imfani da Shirin Harkokin Kusar Polio na Duniya. PLoS Pathog 11 (8): e1005114.
Alurar rigakafi (Darasi na shida)
Dogon. Ka'idoji da Kwarewar Cututtuka na yara na yara (Harshen Hudu)