A lokacin da aka ba da maganin alurar riga kafi, yawancin yara suna ci gaba da cutar da za su iya taimakawa su magance cututtuka na musamman, irin su hepatitis B, polio, da kyanda, da sauransu, ko cututtuka na kwayan cuta, ciki har da tetanus, pertussis (coughtheris), da diphtheria, da dai sauransu.
Kodayake akwai wasu mutane da suka yi maganin alurar riga kafi, yawancin mutane sunyi tunanin maganin alurar riga kafi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da suka samu na kiwon lafiya na karni na 20.
Tarihin Gurasar
- Edward Jenner ya jagoranci gwaje-gwaje a shekara ta 1796 wanda ya haifar da halittar ƙwayar rigakafi na farko a cikin 'yan shekaru baya kuma ya maye gurbin variolation a matsayin mai rigakafi ga kanananpox
- Ana samun maganin alurar rigakafi don rabies ta Louis Pasteur a 1885
- Magunguna don kwalara da typhoid an ci gaba a shekara ta 1896 da kuma maganin rigakafin cutar a 1887
- An riga an fara maganin alurar rigakafin farko a kimanin 1913 ta hanyar aikin Emil Adolf Behring, William Hallock Park, da sauran
- An fara gina allurar rigakafi na farko a cikin shekara ta 1914, ko da yake zai dauki shekaru da yawa kafin a yi amfani dasu
- An fara samun maganin rigakafi a 1927
- Yara 12 sun mutu lokacin da maganin alurar riga kafi na diphtheria wanda bai dauke da wani abu ba wanda ya yi rikitarwa ya zama gurbata da kwayoyin cuta a cikin Disamba na Queensland a shekarar 1928
- Max Theiler ya tayar da rigakafi na farko da zazzabi na fari a 1936
- AAP ya amince da amfani da maganin alurar riga kafi wanda Pearl Kendrick da Grace Eldering suka kirkiri a 1943
- An yi lasisi na farko na allurar rigakafi don amfani a Amurka a 1945
- Kwayar diphtheria guda daya, tetanus, da kuma ƙwayoyin rigakafi sun hadu a cikin wata kwayar cutar DTP daya a 1948
- An gabatar da allurar rigakafi ta Salk (IPV) ba a shekarar 1955 ba
- Kimanin yara 200 ke haifar da cutar shan inna a 1955 daga alurar rigakafi na cutar shan inna a abin da ake kira Cutter
- Rayuwa, maganin rigakafi na Sabin na Polio (OPV) ya sauya maganin alurar rigakafi na Salk a shekarar 1962
- An riga an sami alurar rigakafin cutar kyanda ta farko a shekarar 1963 amma an maye gurbin shi tare da ƙarin cutar cutar kyanda wanda ya haifar da rashin rinjaye a 1968
- Kwayar cutar ta MMR ta samo a 1971, hade da maganin cutar kyanda, mumps (lasisi a 1967), da rubella (1969), kuma an ba da ita a yayin da masu yarinya ke kimanin watanni 15
- Yin rigakafi tare da maganin alurar rigakafi na ƙananan manoma ya ƙare a Amurka a shekarar 1972
- Pneumovax , maganin alurar rigakafin pneumococcal na farko wanda ke kare yara da manya daga wasu irin kwayoyin cutar Streptococcus pneumoniae an yarda da su a 1971 kuma an baiwa yara masu haɗari
- Shari'a ta talatin da uku na Lafiya ta Duniya ta furta cewa an kawar da kananan kwayoyin a shekara ta 1979
- Menomune, na farko da maganin alurar rigakafi ne na lasisi a 1981 kuma ana bada shawara ga yara masu haɗari har sai Menactra ya maye gurbinsa a baya
- An samu lasisi mai ciwon ƙwayar cutar hepatitis B a cikin 1981
- Wararcin Roucci , wani rahoto mai rikitarwa, ya tashi a shekarar 1982 kuma yayi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da allurar rigakafi na DPT tare da lalacewar kwakwalwa ta yau da kullum, ya sauya hadarin cututtukan cututtukan pertussis kuma yana taimakawa wajen fara yawan maganin rigakafin zamani.
- Haemophilus b vaccine polysaccharide na lasisi yana da lasisi a 1985, amma rashin alheri ba ya samar da kariya mai kyau ga yara ƙanana tsakanin watanni 18 zuwa 24, wadanda suka fi haɗari ga Haemophilus influenzae Type b cuta
- An amince da rigakafi na hepatitis B (Recombivax HB) a shekara ta 1986 amma ana bada shawarar da za'ayi amfani dashi a cikin wadanda ke da haɗari ga kamuwa da cuta
- Wani maganin rigakafin hepatitis B, Engerix-B, an amince da ita a shekarar 1989
- An yarda da maganin alurar rigakafin farko na Haemophilus (PRP-D) a shekara ta 1988 don kare kariya daga cututtukan cututtukan cutar Haemophilus a cikin yara duk akalla watanni 18, amma a 1990, an maye gurbin su tare da maganin maganin rigakafi biyu na Hib (PRP-HbOC da kuma PRP-OMP) da za a iya bai wa jariri a matsayin yara kamar watanni biyu
- An fara yin amfani da MMR na farko a shekarar 1989, amma ga yara masu zaune a kananan hukumomi da ke da akalla 5 ƙwayoyin cutar kyanda. Ba a yi amfani da jigidar MMR na 2 ba don amfani da yara har 1994.
- An kafa siginar Rahoton Magani (VAERS) a 1990
- Ana ba da shawarar rigakafin cutar hepatitis B da Hib don dukan jarirai a 1991
- Cutar rigakafin DTaP, wanda ya kamata ya sami raƙuman sakamako fiye da DTP ne, kuma daga 1997 ya maye gurbin DTP don duk bugunin da ake buƙata, ko da yake DTP ba a nuna ainihin abin da ya haifar da rushewa ko kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba, kamar yadda aka yi da'awa a cikin Rumar Roulette
- WHO ta bayyana cewa an kawar da cutar shan inna daga yammacin Hemisphere a 1994
- Kwayar maganin alurar rigakafi don kare yara daga kaji na kaza (Varivax) an lasisi a 1995
- VAQTA, maganin rigakafin farko na hepatitis A ya amince da ita a shekara ta 1996 ga yara masu shekaru biyu da haihuwa amma an ba su yara mafi girma don samun ciwon haifa A
- An riga an sake maganin rigakafin rigakafi na Salk (IPV) don yara kuma ya maye gurbin maganin rigakafin cututtukan polio (OPV) a shekara ta 1996 saboda ƙananan haɗarin cutar shan-inna na kwayar cuta (VAPP), wanda ya fara ne da jerin lokuttan maganin rigakafin IPV-OPV. sa'an nan kuma zuwa jerin jigilar IPV a shekarar 2000
- RotaShield, na farko na maganin rigakafi na rotavirus yana lasisi a shekarar 1998 amma nan da nan ya janye daga kasuwa a 1999 bayan an hade shi tare da haɗarin haɗari na intussusception, wani nau'i na ƙwarewar hanji
- LYMErix, maganin rigakafi na Lyme, an lasisi a 1998
- Dr. Andrew Wakefield ya wallafa rahoto a cikin jarida Lancet yana ƙoƙarin haɗi da MMR da autism
- An kawar da thimerosal daga yawancin maganin alurar rigakafi a cikin shirin yaduwar yara a 1999 da 2000
- An bayyana cutar kyamara a cikin Amurka a shekarar 2000
- Prevnar, wani sabon maganin rigakafin pneumococcal wanda bai kunshi thimerosal ba, an lasisi lasisi a shekara ta 2000 kuma an kara da shi zuwa shirin rigakafi na gaba shekara
- LYMErix tafi kasuwa saboda rashin tallace-tallace a 2002
- An yarda da maganin rigakafi mai rai, rayayye, da cutar ta intranasal, a shekara ta 2004
- An bayyana rushewar rubutun ta ƙarshe a Amurka a shekara ta 2004
- Har ila yau, mummunar annoba ga dukan yara masu lafiya a tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 23 ya zama sanarwa mai kyau don kakar bara.
- Da farko a cikin shekara ta 2004 na mura, an ba da shawara ga mata da za su yi ciki a lokacin da ake fama da mura, a kowane lokaci, wanda ya bambanta da shawarwarin da ta gabata don maganin alurar rigakafi idan mace ta wuce fiye da shekaru uku na farko. ciki a lokacin rashin ruwa. Abin takaici, ko da yake sun kasance a cikin mummunar haɗari, amma kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata masu ciki sun sami maganin mura a shekarar 2003.
- Havrix, wani maganin rigakafin ciwon hepatitis A, an amince da ita a shekara ta 2005 kuma an nuna adadin shekarun da aka yi don maganin alurar rigakafi na cutar hepatitis A zuwa watanni 12.
- Menactra, maganin alurar rigakafi don kare kan wasu nau'in cututtukan cututtuka na asibiti yana da lasisi a shekarar 2005 kuma ana kara da shi a cikin shekara ta 2006, ana bada shawarar ga duk a shekara 11 zuwa 12 ko lokacin da suka shiga makarantar sakandare
- Ana ba da shawarar rigakafi na Tdap (Boostrix ko Adacel) don matasa da kuma manya don kare su daga pertussis a shekara ta 2006 kuma ya maye gurbin rigakafin Td da ta gabata wanda kawai yayi aiki akan tetanus da diphtheria
- RotaTeq, wani rotavirus maganin alurar riga kafi, an lasisi a shekarar 2006 kuma an kara shi zuwa tsarin jima'i a 2007
- An yi maganin rigakafi na hepatitis A zuwa tsarin yaduwar cutar yara a 2006
- Gardasilil, na farko na rigakafi na HPV, an amince da ita a shekara ta 2006
- Anyi amfani da kashi na biyu na maganin rigakafi na kaza a cikin 2007 don taimakawa wajen kawar da cututtukan da aka samu.
- An amince da wata rigakafin rotavirus, RotaRix, a 2008
- Wani maganin rigakafi na HPV, Cervarix, an amince da ita a shekarar 2009
- Wani maganin alurar rigakafi, Menveo, an amince da shi a shekara ta 2010
- Wani sabon salo na Prevnar, wanda zai iya samar da ɗaukar hoto game da nau'i na 13 na kwayoyin pneumococcal, an yarda kuma ya maye gurbin tsohon juyi (Prevnar 7) a 2010
- Fluzone Intradermal da Fluzone High-Dose ne sabon sabon ciwon rigakafi zažužžukan cewa ya kasance samuwa a 2011
- Kwayar maganin da ke kare dukkanin haemophilus influenzae type b da Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C da Y sun amince da FDA a shekarar 2013. MenHibrix ya bada shawara ga jarirai a babban haɗari ga cutar na meningococcal.
- Alurar rigakafi masu ƙwayar cuta guda hudu, wanda ke karewa daga ƙwayoyin mura guda hudu, ya zama samuwa ga kakar bara na 2013-14
- Trumenba, na farko maganin alurar rigakafi don karewa daga serogroup B cutar Mingococcal ya yarda da FDA (Oktoba 2014). A baya, Bexsero, magani na MenB wanda aka amince a wasu ƙasashe, an baiwa wasu daliban koleji a lokacin annobar cutar a karkashin tsarin ingantaccen tsarin shiga na bincike na FDA. Dukkanin biyu sun bada shawara ta hanyar ACIP ga wadanda ke haɗarin haɗari ga ƙwayoyin cututtuka na serogroup B na meningococcal.
- Gandasilil 9 an amince da shi ta FDA (Disamba 2014) don samar da kariya daga wasu nau'o'i biyar na HPV.
Haɗuwa Wuta
Bugu da ƙari, ga waɗannan sababbin maganin rigakafin, an gabatar da sababbin sababbin maganin alurar riga kafi a tsawon shekaru, ciki har da:
- Tetramune , hade da DTP da Hib, 1993
- Comvax , hade da Hib da Hepatitis B, a 1996
- Pediarix , hade da DTaP, IPV, da maganin hepatitis B, a shekara ta 2004
- ProQuad , hadewar MMR da Varivax, a shekara ta 2006
- Pentacel , hade da DTaP, IPV, da Hib, a 2008
- Kinrix , hade da DTaP da IPV, a 2008
Kodayake ba su canja yawan maganin alurar da karanka ke samu ba, maganin alurar rigakafi na iya rage yawan adadin da ya samu a kowane ziyarar. Alal misali, a maimakon guda uku DTaP, IPV, da kuma Hib a ɗakinsa biyu, hudu, da kuma watanni shida da yaron yaro, yaro zai iya samun Pentacel guda ɗaya a kowane lokaci.
Tsarin rigakafi Tsarin Tarihi
Hanyoyin rigakafi na yara, wanda aka gabatar a kowace shekara ta Kwamitin Shawarar Kwaskwarima kan Alurar rigakafi (ACIP), Cibiyar Nazarin Pediatric American (AAP), da Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka (AAFP), an wallafa shi a kowace shekara. 1995. A wannan lokacin, maganin alurar rigakafin sun hada da ciwon hauka B, DTP, ko da yake DTaP yana samuwa ga allurai mai tsabta a watanni 15 zuwa 18 da kuma 4 zuwa 6, Td, OPV (maganin cutar shan inna), da kuma MMR.
Kafin 1995, ACIP ta wallafa alurar rigakafi a duk lokacin da aka sanya sababbin shawarwarin da suka sauya tsarin, kamar yadda ya faru a:
- 1994 - Masarar rigakafi da hepatitis B da aka ba da shawarar ga dukan jarirai da kuma jarrabawa MMR ga dukan yara
- 1989 - Masarar rigakafi da aka ba da shawarar ga dukan masu jariri a watanni 18 da haihuwa da kuma MMR mai jarida don shawarar yara masu yawa.
- 1983 - a cikin wannan jadawali, yara sun sami DTP (5 allurai), OPV (4 allurai), MMR (1 kashi), da Td
Kodayake wasu iyaye suna so su komawa kwanakin baya lokacin da yara ke samun maganin alurar riga kafi, yana da muhimmanci a tuna da wani ɓangare na tarihin, saboda wannan lokaci ne kuma, a kowace shekara, mutane (yafi yara) har yanzu sun samu:
- Ciwo da ciwon zuciya, da ciwon jini, da cututtuka na jini daga kwayoyin cutar Streptococcus pneumoniae - 63,067 lokuta da 6500 mutuwar
- Mutuwa, epiglottitis, da sauran cututtuka masu tsanani daga cututtukan Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) - 20,000 lokuta da 1,000 mutuwar
- Meningococcemia da meningitis na meningococcal
- Hepatitis A - 117,333 lokuta, 6863 asibiti, da 137 mutuwar
- Hepatitis B - 66, 232 lokuta, 7,348 asibiti, da kuma 237 mutuwar
- Rotavirus gastroenteritis - 3 miliyan lokuta, 70 asibiti, da kuma 20 zuwa 60 mutuwar
- Chickenpox - fiye da mutane miliyan 4, adadin asibiti 10,000, da 100 mutuwar
- Kwayoyin da ke cikin kwayar cutar ta HPV wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon sankarar mahaifa
Kuma tun lokacin da aka gabatar da maganin rigakafi da waɗannan da kuma sauran cututtukan maganin rigakafi, shari'ar mafi yawancin sun ragu da kashi 99 zuwa 100.
Kamar yadda ake yi don tabbatar da iyayensu game da lafiyar maganin alurar riga kafi, ciki har da cewa an kawar da ƙoƙari don danganta autism da maganin alurar riga kafi kuma an kawar da thimerosal daga dukkan maganin alurar rigakafi a lokacin yaduwar yara, zai zama mummunan barin barin matakan rigakafi kuma wadannan cututtuka sun dawo.
> Sources:
> Dogon: Ka'idoji da Kwarewa na Cututtukan Kwayoyin Hoto na Pediatric Revised Reprint, 3rd ed. - 2009.
> Kwamitin Cibiyar Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Kwararren Amirka na Amirka: Harkokin Ilmin Harkokin Ilmin Amirka: Milestones a Millennium. Pediatrics, Jun 2001; 107: 1482 - 1491.
Shapiro-Shapin CG. Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, da kuma magani na pertussis. Emerg Infect Dis. Volume 16, Number 8-Agusta 2010.
> Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, da kuma Dokokin Bennett da Kwarewar cututtuka, 7th ed.
> Rigakafin Poliomyelitis a Amurka. Shawarar da aka gabatar da shawarar da kwamitin Shawara kan Dokar rigakafi (ACIP). MMWR. Mayu 19, 2000/49 (RR05); 1-22.
> Haemophilus b Conjugate Alurar rigakafi don Rigakafin Haemophilus > influenzae > Rubutun cututtuka Daga cikin jariri da yaran watanni biyu na tsufa da kuma tsofaffin shawarwarin da ACIP. MMWR. Janairu 11, 1991/40 (RR01); 1-7
> Ayyuka a Lafiya ta Jama'a, 1900-1999 Imfanin maganin rigakafi a duniya da aka ba da shawarar ga Yara - > United > States, 1990-1998. MMWR. Afrilu 02, 1999/48 (12); 243-248
> Roush SW. Bayanan tarihi game da cututtuka da mace-mace don cututtuka na rigakafi a Amurka. JAMA. 14-NOV-2007; 298 (18): 2155-63
> Evan J. Anderson. Imfani da Ruravirus Alurar rigakafi a asibitin-Rotavirus Rika Gastroenteritis a Yara. Ilimin yara na yara 2011; 127: e264-e270.