Hanyoyin muhalli da kuma kwayoyin halitta na iya zama alhakin ƙananan haifa
Raunin haihuwa zai iya tasiri yadda yarinyar take kallo, ayyuka, ko duka biyu. A Amurka, ɗaya daga cikin jarirai 33 an haife shi da ciwon haihuwa. Wasu lahani na haihuwa suna samuwa sosai, kamar launi mai laushi ko laushi. Sauran lahani na haihuwa yana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman don ganin su, kamar lahani marar ciki.
Raunin haihuwa yana faruwa yayin da jaririn yake tasowa a ciki.
Wasu sunadarai, magungunan, da magungunan ƙwayoyi-da ake kira teratogens-zasu iya ƙara haɗarin haifawar haihuwa. A cikin kwanaki 14 da suka kamu da ciki, teratogens bazai haifar da wani lahani ba ko haifar da zubar da ciki . Daga tsakanin kwanaki 15 zuwa 60 na gestation (a farkon farkon shekaru uku) tayin zai fi dacewa da sakamakon cutar tatogens kuma mummunar lahani na haihuwa zai iya haifar. Musamman, manyan gabobin suna bunkasa a wannan lokacin. Ya kamata a lura cewa teratogens ba shine kawai dalilin cutar lalata ba. Genetics kuma suna taka rawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dukkanin kayan kimiya da kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da lalacewa.
Babu wata hanyar da ta dace don hana ƙetare haihuwa, duk da haka. Daga qarshe, abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da kwayoyin halitta sun hada da su haifar da wadannan matsalolin. Tsayawa da salon rayuwa mai kyau da kuma tarurruka na yau da kullum tare da OB-GYN kafin da kuma lokacin daukar ciki zai iya taimaka maka samun jariri lafiya. Duk da haka, akwai matakan da za ka iya ɗaukar don ƙuntatawa ga hadarin da ke da jariri tare da lahani na haihuwa.
# 1: Babu Barasa a lokacin Yara da ciki
Amfani da barasa shine babbar hanyar haifuwar haihuwa a yayin daukar ciki.
A cewar CDC:
Babu wata sanannen amfani da amfani da barasa a lokacin daukar ciki ko lokacin ƙoƙarin yin juna biyu. Har ila yau, babu lokacin da za a yi ciki a lokacin yin ciki don sha. Irin kowane irin giya yana da hatsari, ciki har da dukan giya da giya. Lokacin da mace mai ciki tana shan giya, haka jaririn yake.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, rabi na dukan ciki a Amurka ba su da kyau. Zai iya ɗaukar tsakanin makonni huɗu da shida kafin mace ta san idan ta kasance ciki. A wannan lokacin, barasa zai iya tsoma baki tare da ci gaban tayi.
Yin amfani da barasa a lokacin daukar ciki zai iya haifar da ciwon shan barasa na fetal (FAS). Abubuwa da suka faru da FAS sun hada da wadannan:
- ƙwayar intrauterine ƙuntatawa (watau, mummunan girma na jariri yayin da yake cikin mahaifa)
- microcephaly (watau, babba babba da rashin ci gaban kwakwalwa)
- Ƙararren fuska na fuskoki zuwa matsakaicin matsakaici
- haɗin haɗin gwiwa
- rashin daidaituwa
- cututtukan zuciya maras kyau
- rashin lafiyar hankali
Hanyar ainihin abin da barasa ke haifar da FAS ba a sani ba. Mun sani cewa barasa yana iya ƙetare mahaifa a cikin tayin ta tayi. A cikin jinin jaririn da ba a haifa ba, barasa ya kai karar da aka kwatanta da wadanda aka lura a cikin mahaifiyarsa.
Duk da haka, 'yan tayi da gaske suna da rashin ciwon enzyme barazanar dehydrogenase, wadda aka haifa ta hanta da ake buƙatar karya barasa. Maimakon haka, jariran suna dogara da ƙananan ƙwayoyin mata da kuma mahaukacin mahaifa don su shayar da barasa. Wadannan enzymes ba kusan kamar yadda tasiri a matsayin barasa dehydrogenase a metabolizing barasa; Saboda haka, yawancin barasa ya kasance a wurare daban-daban.
Barasa yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga tsarin jinƙan jaririn. Ba wai kawai yana ɓatar da ci gaban kwayoyin cutar ba amma yana kashe su (wani tsari da ake kira apoptosis).
# 2: Babu shan taba a lokacin da take ciki
Zai fi kyau a bar shan taba kafin yin ciki; Duk da haka, ga mahaifiyar da ta ke ci gaba da shan taba, ba ta da latti don barin. Bugu da ƙari, mata masu ciki ya kamata su zauna daga hayaƙi na biyu.
Ga wasu mummunar illa da cewa jaririn da aka haife shi ga mahaifiyar da ke shan taba a yayin daukar ciki zai iya fuskanta:
- intrauterine girma ƙuntatawa
- laushi mai laushi
- shinge
- SIDS
- aiki na farko
- ƙãra accitability (hyperexcitability)
- irritability
- ƙara ƙwayar tsoka (hypertonicity)
- girgiza
Nicotine kashi 15 cikin dari ya fi mayar da hankali ga jinin tayi fiye da na mahaifiyar. Ƙarfin da mahaifiya ke sha, yawan ƙwayar ƙuntataccen ci gaban intrauterine. Bugu da ƙari kuma, har ma waɗanda suke shan taba 10 ko kadan a kowace rana (masu smokers masu haske), sukan sanya jariran su sau biyu a hadari saboda nauyin haihuwa.
# 3: Babu Marijuana ko sauran "Street" Drugs a lokacin da juna biyu
Marijuana ita ce mafi yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. A halin yanzu shari'a a wasu jihohi, wanda ke da yawa daga cikin masu ciki masu ciki.
Wasu masana sunyi imanin cewa marijuana ba ita ce kerawa ba kuma baya haifar da lahani na haihuwa. Duk da haka, CDC na bada shawara ga mace mai ciki shan taba ko yin amfani da wasu magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta saboda waɗannan kwayoyi na iya haifar da jigilar haihuwa, nauyin haihuwa, da nakasa haihuwa.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu goyan baya don haɗi tsakanin yin amfani da marijuana a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma matsalolin da ke baya a cikin yarinyar, irin su impulsivity da hyperactivity kazalika da matsaloli tare da fahimta da bayyane.
Ba a tabbatar da wani nau'i na marijuana ba ga matan da suke shirin yin ciki ko suna da ciki. Saboda haka, ya fi kyau ga mata kada su shan taba ko kuma cinye miyagun ƙwayoyi a lokacin haifa ko a lokacin haifa. Idan kana buƙatar marijuana don yanayin lafiya, yana da kyau a tattauna irin wannan amfani tare da OB-GYN.
# 4: Rigakafin Rigakafin
Wasu cututtuka a lokacin ciki suna iya haifar da lahani. Ana iya hana cututtuka ta hanyar yin wasu matakai, ciki har da kasancewa daga mutane da cututtuka, yin amfani da kayan aiki akai-akai, da kuma cin nama sosai. Bugu da ƙari, wasu maganin rigakafin kare mace daga cututtuka wanda zai haifar da lahani.
Mafi yawan kwanan nan, cutar Zika tana samun ciwo mai yawa don haifar da lahani na haihuwa a jariran da aka haifa don cutar da iyaye mata. Wadannan lahani na haihuwa sun haɗa da microcephaly (babba) da kuma mahaukaciyar kwakwalwa. Duk da haka, watsawar cutar Zika a cikin nahiyar Amurka har yanzu yana da wuya, kuma kamuwa da kamuwa da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayar cuta ne mafi yawan al'ada.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ita ce mafi yawan dalilin kamuwa da cutar cikin jarirai. Mafi yawan mata suna da kwayoyin cutar CMV. Yawanci, ƙwayar cuta ta farko tare da CMV (kamuwa da cuta a karon farko) yana haifar da hadarin CMV a cikin jariri (watau CMV). Duk da haka, maye gurbin CMV ko kamuwa da mahaifiyar da ke da nau'i daban daban na iya haifar da CMV.
Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da CMV ba su nuna alamun kamuwa da cuta ba kuma basu da wata alamar bayyanar. Mutumin da ke da tsarin kulawa mai lafiya zai iya ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta tare da CMV a cikin rajistan. Duk da haka, CMV na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin waɗanda suke da tsarin rashin lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, CMV na iya haifar da tayin kuma zai iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa.
Yawancin jariran da aka haifa tare da kamuwa da CMV suna lafiya. Game da daya daga cikin jarirai guda biyar da aka haifa tare da kamuwa da cutar CMV sun kamu da rashin lafiya a haife ko kuma ci gaba don bunkasa matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci. Wasu yara suna nuna alamun CMV a lokacin haihuwa. Ƙananan jariran yara suna da lafiya a haife amma suna ci gaba da nuna alamun kamuwa da cuta, irin su sauraron sauraro.
Ga wasu matakan yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar CMV a jariri:
- petechiae (watau kananan ja ko shunayya mai launi a fata akan lalacewa ta hanyar murya)
- fadada hanta kuma yada
- hanta, huhu, da kuma matsaloli
- jaundice
- microcephaly
- hepatitis
- kama
- ƙananan ƙananan haihuwa
- anemia hasara (wani jini na jini)
- intracranial calcifications
- chorioretinitis (watau ƙurar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar zuciya) da sauran matsalolin ido
- hakikanin hakori
- jin matsalolin
- dalilai na psychomotor
- rashin lafiyar hankali
Yana da wahala a hango ko wane jariran zai ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar CMV mai tsanani, kuma babu magani ga kamuwa da cutar CMV lokacin daukar ciki wanda zai hana cutar a cikin jariri. CMV za a iya daukar kwayar cutar daga mutum daya zuwa wani ta hanyar cin hanci, jima'i, da sauransu.
# 5: Ka guje wa takamaiman Magunguna
Magunguna da yawa suna da tasiri masu tasiri wanda zai iya shafar ciki. Duk da haka, kawai kimanin kwayoyi 30 ne aka sani teratogens, wanda zai haifar da lahani. Hanyoyin ilimin kimiyya suna iya hada da wadannan:
- intrauterine girma ƙuntatawa
- malformations
- neonatal abubuwa masu guba
- abubuwa masu lahani (watau, cututtuka na kwayoyi da suke lalata aikin ayyukan yau da kullum)
- mutuwar tayin
Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na ashirin, likitoci sun gaskata cewa tayin zaune a cikin wani yanayi mai karewa daga mama. Wannan gaskiyar cewa 'yan tayi sun kare daga kwayoyi da kwayoyi da sauran abubuwa masu guba wanda ya faru sakamakon mummunar thalidomide ya haifar da mummunar bala'i a shekarun 1960. An yi amfani da Thalidomide don magance rashin lafiya ta asibiti amma ya haifar da rashin daidaitattun sifofi, gyaran fuska, da sauransu a jarirai.
Tun daga mummunan bala'i na thalidomide, likitocin sunyi amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin da suke ciki domin tsoron farfadowa. Abin farin cikin, ba a ba da izinin yawancin jami'o'in na teratogenic lokacin daukar ciki.
Ga wasu sanannun kwayoyi da suke da keratogens:
- cyclophosphamide
- diethylstilboestrol
- warfarin
- lithium
- isotretinoin
- carbamazepine
- phenytoin
- tetracycline
- ACE masu hanawa
# 6: Ɗauki Ƙarin Gida
Folate, ko folic acid, shi ne irin B bitamin. A lokacin yin ciki, buƙatar ƙwayar ƙusa yana ƙaruwa tsakanin sau biyar da sau goma saboda an canza wannan bitamin zuwa tayin. Rashin raguwa zai iya zama da wuya a gano a lokacin daukar ciki, har ma wata mace mai daɗaɗɗa ta iya fuskanta. Bayanin kulawa, kore, kayan lambu masu laushi suna da girma a fure.
Domin rabi na dukkan ciki a cikin Amurka ba su da kariya kuma rashin rashi zai iya rinjayar tayin a farkon-kafin mahaifiya ta san cewa tana ciki-CDC tana bada shawarar cewa dukan mata masu haihuwa (tsakanin 15 zuwa 45) ya kamata su dauki nau'i 400 na yau da kullum.
Wadannan dalilai suna karuwa don buƙata cikin mahaifiyar:
- rashin abinci mara kyau
- tare da anemia
- anticonvulsant magunguna
- nono
- kamuwa da cuta
Rashin rashawa na iya haifar da mummunan lalacewar haihuwar ciki har da lakabi da launi. Dukkanin waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune mummunan ƙwayoyin cuta. Tare da farfadowa spina, kasusuwa na kashin baya ba su da kyau a cikin layi. Da mahimmanci, sassan kansa da kwakwalwa ba su dace ba.
Bincike ya nuna cewa maye gurbin acid a lokacin da aka ci gaba da ci gaba ta hanyar makonni 12 na farko na ciki zai iya rage haɗarin cutar ta jiki daga kashi 70%.
# 7: Kula da Lafiya
Cutar da ba a kula da ita ba a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma kiba kafin da lokacin daukar ciki zai iya haɓaka haɗarin cutar haihuwa da kuma sauran yanayin lafiya.
Idan yawan ciwon sukari yana da kyau a lokacin da yake ciki, togarin jini zai iya rinjayar duka tayin da mahaifiyar. Babba da aka haifa ga iyaye mata da ciwon sukari suna da yawa da yawa, kuma suna da manyan gabobin, wanda ya sa haihuwa ya fi wuya. Wadannan jariran kuma suna shan jinin jini bayan haihuwa. Bugu da ƙari, jariran da aka haifa ga iyaye mata da ciwon sukari suna fuskantar haɗari da yawa na kasancewa a ciki, kuma tayi ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.
Ga wasu sharuɗɗan yanayin da jaririn da aka haifa ga iyaye mata da ciwon sukari:
- blue da mottled fata, m zuciya da sauri numfashi (alamun huhu da zuciya rashin cin nasara)
- matalauta ciyar
- barihargy
- fahariya
- girgiza
- jaundice
- cututtukan zuciya maras kyau
Mata da ciwon sukari ya kamata suyi kokarin cimma lafiyar lafiya kafin suyi ciki. A lokacin yin ciki, matan da ke fama da ciwon sukari suyi aiki don iyakance riba da kuma motsa jiki, saka idanu da jini, da kuma shan magunguna kamar yadda likitan ya tsara.
Hakazalika, matan da za su zama mata su yi ƙoƙari su rasa nauyi kafin suyi amfani da abinci, motsa jiki, da sauran gyare-gyaren salon rayuwa.
> Sources:
> Barbieri RL, Repke JT. Magunguna a lokacin da juna biyu. A: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Ka'idodin Magunguna na Harrison, 19th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Chung, W. "Teratogens da Dabarunsu." Cibiyar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Columbia. http://www.columbia.edu.
> Hoffbrand A. Megaloblastic Anemias. A: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Ka'idodin Magunguna na Harrison, 19th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Masters SB, Trevor AJ. Alcohols. A cikin: Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. eds. Makarantar Kasuwanci & Magunguna, 13th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.
> Powrie RO, Rosene-Montella K. Magunguna. A cikin: McKean SC, Ross JJ, Dressler DD, Lambar Sanya. eds. Ka'idojin da Ayyukan Magunguna, 2e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.