Shirye-shiryen rigakafi sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kuma yawanci, tsarin da aka tsara ya dogara da irin maganin alurar riga kafi, cutar ta riga an tsara maganin rigakafi, kuma shekarun yaron da maganin zai iya zama mafi amfani. An tsara rigakafin rigakafi don kare jarirai da yara lokacin da suke mafi muni (wanda shine farkon rayuwar) da kuma kafin a bayyana su ga cututtuka masu barazanar rayuwa.
Lissafi na rigakafi don Yara
Kwanan wata rigakafin rigakafin da aka tanada don yara ta hanyar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka, Cibiyar Ilimin Harkokin Yara da Jama'a, da Kwamitin Shawara kan Shirye-shiryen rigakafi, ya nuna cewa lokacin da yara a Amurka suka fara karatun digiri, ya kamata su sami:
- 3 ciwon rigakafin hepatitis B
- 2 ko 3 allurai na maganin rigakafi na rotavirus (Rotarix ko RotaTeq)
- 5 allurai na maganin DTaP
- 3 ko 4 allurai na Hib maganin alurar riga kafi
- 4 allurai na rigakafin Prevnar 13
- 4 allurai maganin rigakafi
- 2 allurai na maganin MMR
- 2 allurai na maganin alurar kaza (Varivax)
- 2 ciwon rigakafin hepatitis A
- Kwayoyin cutar ta kowace shekara, samuwa a matsayin ƙuƙwalwa na hanci lokacin da yara ke akalla shekaru 2
Yawan allurai da ake buƙata don maganin rotavirus da cutar Hib sun dogara da wane nau'in maganin alurar riga kafi. Ana buƙatar ƙananan gwaje-gwaje don Rotarix (rotavirus) da kuma PedvaxHIB da kuma Combax (Hib).
Yara na iya samun ƙananan samfurori idan ana amfani da allurar haɗarin haɗe , kamar:
- Pediarix, hade da DTaP, IPV, da maganin hepatitis B
- ProQuad , hade da MMR da Varivax
- Pentacel, hade da DTaP, IPV, da Hib
- Kinrix , hade da DTaP da IPV
Ya kamata yara su yi farin ciki lokacin da suke shekaru 11 zuwa 12:
- 1 kashi na Tdap
- 1 kashi na Menactra ko Menveo, tare da karfin zuciya a lokacin shekaru 16
- 3 asurai na rigakafin HPV ('yan mata)
Lissafin rigakafi
Wata hanya ta tunani game da shirin rigakafin rigakafi shi ne cewa tun lokacin da suka fara karatun digiri, mafi yawan yara za su sami nauyin maganin alurar rigakafi 10 don kare su daga cututtukan maganin rigakafi 14.
Me yasa wannan ya fi lokuta na rigakafi daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da yara ke samun maganin maganin 3 kawai (1983) ko 11 allurai 4 na rigakafi (1989)?
Tabbas, suna da ƙananan bayanan, to, mafi yawan mahimmanci shine yawan lambobi masu yawa da yawa da ke fama da rigakafin da kwayoyin rigakafin da yara (yafi yara) suka samu a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru kafin a yi maganin alurar rigakafi don karewa, irin wannan kamar yadda:
- Ciwon huhu, ciwon zuciya, da kuma jini daga cututtuka na kwayoyin cutar Streptococcus - 63,067 da kuma mutuwar 6,500
- Mutuwa, epiglottitis, da sauran cututtuka masu tsanani daga cututtukan Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) - 20,000 lokuta da 1,000 mutuwar
- Hepatitis A - 117,333 lokuta, 6,863 asibiti, da 137 mutuwar
- Hepatitis B - 66,232 lokuta, 7,348 asibiti, da kuma 237 mutuwar
- Rotavirus gastroenteritis - 3 miliyan lokuta, 70 asibiti, da kuma 20 zuwa 60 mutuwar
- Chickenpox - fiye da mutane miliyan 4, adadin asibiti 10,000, da 100 mutuwar
Yaya Yamma Yayi Turai
Hakika, ba kowa a duniya yana bin tsarin shirin rigakafin CDC. Wasu mutane suna so su nuna cewa wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen rigakafi tare da marasa lafiya, kamar Denmark, Sweden, Finland, da Iceland. Amma shin shirye-shiryen rigakafin rigakafi ne daban daban?
Bisa ga Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta Sweden, duk yara "an ba da alurar riga kafi akan tara cututtukan cututtuka: diphtheria, tetanus, coughing cough, polio, cutar Hib ( Haemophilius influenzae type B), kamuwa da cutar pneumococcal, kyanda, mumps, da rubella . Daga Janairu 1, 2010, duk 'yan mata da aka haife 1999 ko kuma daga bisani suna bada maganin alurar riga kafi game da kamuwa da cuta tare da jaridar papillomavirus (HPV).
Yara da ke cikin haɗari na kamuwa da cuta ko rashin lafiya mai tsanani suna miƙa maganin alurar riga kafi akan cutar hepatitis B, tarin fuka, mura da cututtuka na pneumococcal (idan ba a riga an riga an riga an riga an rigakafi ba).
Kuma bisa ga tsarin likitancin kasa na Finland, yara a Finland suna samun maganin rigakafin rotavirus, DTaP, IPV (Polio), Hib, MMR, maganin rigakafi na Pneumococcal, da kuma maganin alurar rigakafi na shekara. Yara a cikin haɗarin haɗari suna maganin tarin fuka (BCG), hepatitis B, da hepatitis A.
Iceland ta kara da maganin rigakafin Streptococcus pneumonia a tsarin aikin rigakafi na yau da kullum, wasu kuma suna nazarin ƙara da shi nan da nan.
Saboda haka babban bambanci a mafi yawan samfurin rigakafi na Turai shine rashin ciwon maganin alurar kaji da kuma maganin alurar rigakafi da cutar hepatitis A da hepatitis B, yayin da muke amfani da shirye-shiryen rigakafi na duniya game da wadannan cututtuka na rigakafi bayan ƙalubalen da aka yi na baya-bayan nan a kan ƙaddamar da maganin rigakafi.
Wannan yana da hankali, tun da:
- Hepatitis A ba shi da damuwa a yawancin kasashen a Turai
- Haɗarin B yana samuwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin hadarin da ke da kyau a cikin ƙasashen Turai
Duk da haka, ƙasashe da yawa, irin su Spain, sun riga sun bada maganin ciwon hepatitis B, suna farawa don bada maganin rigakafi na HPV ga 'yan mata, har ma sun bada maganin alurar riga kafi ga matasa idan ba su da macijin kaza ba tukuna.
Yawancin kasashen a Turai suna nazarin haɗarin da ake amfani dasu don amfani da kwayar cutar ta rotavirus.
Babbar hanyar tafiye-tafiye daga waɗannan ƙasashe ba wai suna amfani da kima ba; Wannan aiki ne mai kyau da suke yi a maganin alurar rigakafin 'ya'yansu. A Finland, labarun alurar rigakafin nuna cewa kashi 98 zuwa 99 cikin dari na yara suna maganin alurar riga kafi.
Har ila yau, yawancin ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen rigakafin rigakafi wanda kusan kusan surar shirin rigakafin CDC. Tun daga 2007, jarirai a Australia, misali, sun sami alurar rigakafi biyar a cikin watanni biyu, kamar a Amurka-hepB, DTaP, Hib, IPV, Prevnar 7, da maganin rigakafi na rotavirus.
Shirye-shiryen rigakafi madaidaiciya
Sauran hanyoyin rigakafin rigakafin da wasu mutane ke ci gaba da inganta sun hada da:
- Amincewa da Abokin Lura Kan Lafiya -Daga shekara biyu, sau ɗaya a kowane lokaci, samun ƙwaƙwalwar mutum ( pertussis acellular), diphtheria, tetanus, sannan kuma IPV (cutar shan inna) ya yi kowane watanni shida, duk da cewa mutum yana da kullun, diphtheria, da tetanus ba samuwa babu kuma
- Dokar Dokar Dokar Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokar Dokar Dokar Dokar Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokokin Dokta . mumps, da rubella Shots a maimakon hade MMR maganin alurar riga kafi
Dole ne iyaye su fahimci cewa ko wani tsari na dabam zai iya rage maganin alurar rigakafin, ko kuma a amince da cututtuka na rigakafi (watsar da jinkirin barin labaran da zai iya barin yarinyar ba tare da karewa ba kuma yana hadarin samun samun maganin rigakafi), ba shi da nakasa kuma ba shi da kyau.
Sources:
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka. {Asar Amirka 2016 Ta Yi Tsira da Shirye-shiryen Turawa na Yara da Al'ummar {ananan Yanayi 0 Ta hanyar Shekaru 18.
Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilmin {asar Amirka. Samun rigakafin rigakafi.
Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Yammacin Australia da Yara. Shirye-shiryen rigakafi na kasa.
Ƙasar Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Tafiya. Magunguna a Finland.
Dogon: Ka'idoji da Kwarewar Cututtuka na Pediatric Diseases Revised Reprint, 3rd ed. - 2009.
MMWR: Ƙungiyar Ƙasar, Jihar, da kuma Yanki na Yanki A cikin Yara Yau da 19-35 Watanni - Amurka, 2009. MMWR. Satumba 17, 2010/59 (36); 1171-1177.
Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Sweden. Vaccinations a Sweden.