Aberrations kwayoyin halitta zai haifar da lahani ko rashin zubar da ciki
Abnormal chromosomal yana faruwa a lokacin da tayi yana da ko dai ba daidai ba adadin chromosomes ko chromosomes wadanda basu da kyau. Wadannan ƙananan haɗuwa zasu iya fassarawa ga ci gaba da lalacewar haihuwa, rashin lafiya kamar Down syndrome, ko rashin kuskure.
Sanin Genes da Chromosomes
An halicci jikinka daga sel. Tsakanin kowace tantanin halitta shine tsakiya, kuma cikin cikin tsakiya shine chromosomes.
Chromosomes suna da muhimmanci saboda suna dauke da kwayoyin halitta wadanda zasu ƙayyade dabi'unku na jikinku, nau'in jini, har ma da yadda za ku iya zama cututtuka ga wasu cututtuka.
Kowace kwayar halitta a cikin jiki tana dauke da nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in chromosomes - 46 cikin duka - kowannensu ya ƙunshi kusan 20,000 zuwa 25,000 kwayoyin. Rabin hamsin ka samo daga yarin mahaifiyarka kuma rabi ya zo daga mahaifa daga mahaifinka.
Daga cikin nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i biyu na chromosomes, an fara kiran nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i biyu. Kwanan chromosom na karshe, a halin yanzu, ake kira allosomes. Har ila yau, an san shi kamar jima'i na chromosomes, allosomes ƙayyade mutum da jima'i da halaye na jima'i. Wata mace tana da X X-chromosomes (XX) yayin da namiji yana da X da Y yuƙasa (XY).
Chromosomal Abnormalities da ƙetare
Abun hanyoyi na Chromosomal sune daya daga cikin mahimman asali na zubar da ciki a farkon farkon shekaru uku. A farkon ɓarna, kuskuren chromosomal zai iya hana tayin daga tasowa kullum.
Lokacin da wannan ya faru, tsarin na rigakafi zai amsa ta hanyar ta da hanzari ta gama ciki.
Bincike ya nuna cewa abubuwan rashin hauka na chromosomal sun kasance daga kashi 60 zuwa 70 bisa dari na rashin kuskuren farko. A mafi yawancin lokuta, kuskuren bazuwar bazuwar ne, kuma mace zata ci gaba da daukar ciki na gaba.
Yawancin ɓarna suna haifar da wani nau'in cuta inda akwai uku na chromosome maimakon biyu. Wannan ya kira trisomy. Misalan jigilar jiki 16 da jigon kwalliya 9 , wanda ke dauke da asusun kimanin kashi 13 cikin dari na duk wani ɓangaren farko na farko.
A wasu lokuta, rashin hauka na chromosomal na iya haifar da wani yanayi mai wuya wanda ake kira ciki a ciki . Yayin da ake ciki, ƙwayoyin da ake nufi da zama cikin tayin a maimakon zama ciwon haɗari a cikin mahaifa. Akwai nau'i biyu na ciki na ciki:
- An yi cikakken ciki cikin ciki lokacin da kwai ba shi da bayanan kwayoyin. Yana tasowa ne wanda yake kama da ɓauren inabi ba tare da tayi ba.
- Hawan ciki na ciki yana faruwa idan an hadu da kwai tare da sperms biyu. Yana haifar da ci gaban amfrayo wanda aka yi mummunan aiki kuma yawanci baya tsira.
Down Ciwo da sauran Chromosomal Abnormalities
Ɗaya daga cikin cututtuka da ake kira chromosomal shine Down syndrome wadda ta haifar da karin kwafin chromosome da ake kira chromosome 21. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa muke magana game da matsalar a matsayin trisomy 21.
Wasu daga cikin al'amuran na Down Syndrome su ne ƙananan ƙarfin jiki, wanda ya fi girma a kan idanu, ƙananan ƙwayar tsoka, da zurfi mai zurfi a tsakiyar dabino.
Ɗaya daga cikin yara 691 a Amurka an haife shi tare da Down syndrome.
Dalilin cutar ba shi da cikakkiyar bayani, amma masana kimiyya sun lura, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin tsofaffi na haihuwa da kuma ci gaba da ciwo. An nuna haɗari don ƙara girma a matsayin mace mai shekaru, daga daya a cikin 1,500 a shekarun 20 zuwa ɗaya a cikin 50 da shekaru 43.
Bugu da ƙari, gajiyar jiki 21, akwai wasu cututtuka da suka danganci kasancewar wani samfurin chromosome. Babban daga cikinsu:
- Trisomy 18, wanda aka fi sani da ciwon Edwards, yana faruwa a cikin kowane nau'i na 2,500 da kimanin daya daga kowace haihuwa na 6,000 a Amurka. Wannan yanayin yana da nauyin nauyin haihuwa, ƙananan nau'in mahaukaci, da sauran cututtukan kwayoyin cutar barazana. Edwards ciwo ba shi da magani kuma yana da mawuyaci kafin haihuwa ko a farkon shekara ta rayuwa.
- Trisomy 13, wanda aka fi sani da ciwon Patau, zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya na hankali da mawuyacin zuciya, da idanu, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Ciwon Patau yana faruwa a cikin ɗaya daga cikin yara 16,000, tare da jariri yawanci suna mutuwa a cikin kwanakin farko ko makonni na rayuwa.
- Klinefelter ciwo, wanda aka sani da ciwon zuciya na XXY, shine sakamakon karin X chromosome a maza. Ana haɗuwa da ƙananan tayi na sterility da dysfunction jima'i. Yawanci ba a gane shi ba har sai da haihuwa yayin da yake nuna halin rauni mai lalacewa, tsayi, ƙananan gashi, da kananan kwayoyin halitta.
Ya bambanta, adadin karin Y a cikin maza (XYY) ko karin X a cikin mata (XXX) ba zai haifar da wasu halaye na jiki ko damuwa ba. Duk da yake wasu daga cikin waɗannan yara suna iya samun matsalolin ilmantarwa, suna yawan ci gaba da al'ada kuma suna iya haifar da yara.
Gwajin Chromosomal
Zuwa ƙarshen farkon shekara ta farko, za ka iya zaɓar don samun gwajin nunawa wanda zai iya ba ka yiwuwar cewa jaririnka yana da rashin ciwo na chromosomal. Jarabawar ta dogara ne akan shekarunka kuma zai iya haɗawa da duban dan tayi, gwaje-gwaje na jini, amniocentesis , da kuma sauran gwaji masu rinjaye. Yawanci ana yin kusan mako 15 na ciki.
> Source:
> Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Jinsin Dan Adam: Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasar. "Kwayoyin Chromosomal Abnormalities." Bethesda, Maryland; sabunta Janairu 6, 2016.