Ma'anoni, Farko, Tarihi, da Gabatarwa na "jaririn jariri"
Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar kalmar in vitro shine "cikin gilashi." Yana da kalmar Latin, wanda mafi yawanci yana nufin wani abu da ke faruwa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan shine akasin in vivo , wanda ke nufin cikin jiki (ko a zahiri, "a cikin mai rai").
Aiki mai in vitro , wanda aka fi sani da IVF , wani fasaha ne na taimakawa wajen haifar da fure a cikin layi maimakon jikin.
Tun lokacin da aka haifi jaririn IVF na farko a duniya a shekara ta 1978, haɗin gwiwar in vitro ya ba da bege ga miliyoyin ma'aurata da basu iya yin jariri a wata hanya ba.
Yau, IVF tana da mahimmanci - duk da haka tsada - magani na haihuwa.
An kiyasta kimanin yara miliyan 6.5 wadanda aka haifa a cikin duniya. Kasa da kashi 5 cikin dari na marasa lafiya na haihuwa suna buƙatar IVF. Wadanda ake kira "jaririn gwajin gwaji" suna da lafiya da kuma al'ada kamar yadda yawancin yara suke ciki.
Amma ba haka ba ne cewa IVF wani sabon fasahar ne, mai rikice-rikice, har ma da doka ba.
Ta Yaya Yayi Aiki Aiki na Vitro?
Ga bayanin ɗan gajeren bayanin abin da ya faru a lokacin IVF:
Matar tana dauke da kwayoyi masu amfani da ƙwayoyi , wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da karin odacy (ko qwai) a cikin ovaries. Wannan yana faruwa a kan kwanakin da yawa.
Bayan haka, an cire kananan ƙirar daga ovary (ko dai daga mahaifiyar da aka yi nufinta ko kuma daga mai bayarwa.
) Anyi haka ne tare da allurar mai shiryayye ta tayar da hanzari.
A cikin Lab, an haɗu da qwai da aka dawo da maniyyi (daga ko dai mahaifin da aka nufa ko daga mai bayarwa.)
An hadu da kwai da maniyyi a cikin tarin petri, inda yasa kwayoyin halitta zasu hadu da ƙwayar kwai. An kira yaduwar kwayar halittar mutum mai amfrayo.
Abryo wanda zai haifar sai ya tasowa har kwanakin nan a cikin lab. Anyi wannan a karkashin yanayin kulawa sosai.
Daga gaba, daya ko biyu daga cikin embryos mafi lafiya sun canja zuwa ga mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta (ko kuma mai ƙare ). Duk wani embryos kuma an daskarewa don hawan keke.
Da fatan za a haifar da ciki. Gwargwadon nasara na IVF suna da kyau, amma ciki bai zama garanti ba.
Zaka iya samun cikakken bayani game da tsarin zamani na IVF a nan:
Mene ne "jaririn jaririn gwaji?"
"Jariri jaririn jariri" wani lokaci ne da wasu kafofin watsa labaru ke amfani dashi don nunawa ga yara da aka haifa ta ciki (IVF) .
Duk da sunan, "jaririn gwajin gwaji" ba a cigaba a cikin gwajin gwajin ba. Tubes gwajin ba su da wani ɓangare na tsarin FF na zamani.
Tare da IVF, an hadu da kwai a cikin wani abincin petri. (Ba gwajin gwajin ba) Lokacin da amfrayo ke tsakanin kwana uku da biyar, ana canja shi zuwa cikin mahaifa.
Don a bayyana, embryo ba ya ci gaba a cikin tayin a cikin lab. Wannan ra'ayi ne na ainihi na fiction kimiyya. Tayi amfrayo ne tarin rayuka masu tasowa da kuma bunkasa - ba abin da kowa zai dauka a matsayin "tayin" ba.
An fara amfani da jaririn gwajin jariri a cikin shekarun 1930. Bayan haka, an yi amfani da shi wajen maganin kwari - ba IVF ba.
Cutar kwance artificial shine a lokacin da aka wanke maniyyi da aka wanke musamman a cikin jakar ta mace ta hanyar cervix. Yana da haɗuwa a cikin jiki - cikin jiki - kuma ba a cikin vitro ba , a cikin Lab, kamar IVF.
An samo asali game da kalmar "jariri jariri jariri" a cikin littafi da aka buga a 1934 ta Panurge Press, wanda Dr. Hermann Rohleder ya rubuta.
Littafin, mai suna Tube Test Babies: Tarihin Tsarin Tsarin Harkokin Dan Adam , an bayyana shi a matsayin, "ciki har da cikakken bayani game da dabararsa, tare da abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da ke cikin kullun, nazari na wallafe-wallafen, da kuma ilimin kiwon lafiya da kuma shari'a . "
Wannan littafi ne game da kwariyar artificial, ba IVF ba. IVF bai riga ya ƙirƙiri ba.
Lokacin da aka hadu da ƙwarjin ɗan adam a waje a jiki a 1944, jaririn gwajin gwajin ya fara farawa zuwa jarirai IVF.
Louise Joy Brown, jaririn IVF ta farko, wanda ake kira "jaririn jarrabawar farko" ta duniya. (Ƙari akan ita a kasa.)
Yawanci a cikin duniya masu haihuwa suna la'akari da mummunan lokacin da ba daidai ba saboda mummunan, sci-fi imagery da ya ci gaba.
Tarihin da Magana akan In Vitro Fertilization
Hanyar hanyar IVF ta samu nasara ta kasance da ƙoƙari.
Godiya ga ƙarfin zuciya da kuma juriya na masana kimiyyar farko da likitoci, fasaha na hadewar in vitro yana samuwa a yau.
Na farko A cikin Vitro Fertilization Ya Dauki Places a Rabbits
A 1934, Dokta Gregory Pincus ya samu nasarar samo albarkatun zomo a cikin lab. Bai yi amfani da namiji zomaye a cikin tsari ba.
Ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira sashin kwayar halitta, ya iya daukar qwai daga zomaye, zubar da hawan qwai ta hanyar amfani da sinadaran, sa'an nan kuma canja wurin qwai da aka hadu a cikin sifa na haihuwa na zomo.
Ayyukansa sun haifar da babbar gardama da damuwa. Gwaje-gwaje da kuma tallace-tallace sun sa shi ya rasa zamaninsa a Jami'ar Harvard.
Amma ba kowa da kowa yana ganin aikin Dr. Wasu sun sa zuciya da alkawarin.
A cikin Vitro Fita Yunkuri Tare da 'Yan Adam
A 1937, Dokta John Rock ya aika da wani rubutun da ba a yarda da shi ba a Jaridar New England Journal of Medicine da ake kira "Mene ne mafarki ga matan da ba su daɗe da ƙuƙumi," suna yabon yiwuwar haɗarin in vitro cikin mutane.
A 1938, Dr Rock ya hayar da tsohon Dokta Dr. Pincus - Miriam Menkin.
Miriam Menkin da Dr. Pincus sunyi amfani da shekaru shida na gaba don yunkurin yin amfani da kwayar halitta ta mutum.
A lokacin binciken su, sun tattara mutane 800 kuma suna kokarin takin gargajiya 138.
A ƙarshe, a cikin bazara na 1944, Pincus da Menkin sun yanke shawarar ƙara tsawon lokacin da kwai da maniyyi suka kasance a cikin tamanin man fetur.
Daga bisani sun sami nasarar samun takalma hudu. Ba su yi ƙoƙari su canza wadanda suka hadu da ƙwai cikin cikin mace ba.
Ƙwararraki da Ƙarin Rarraba akan Ci Gaban Dan Adam
A shekara ta 1949, Paparoma Dius XII ta halatta haɗuwa a waje da jikin.
Amma wannan bai daina ci gaba ba.
A 1951, Dokta Landrum Shettles yayi ƙoƙari ya yi kama da Dr. Pincus 'haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin ɗan adam a cikin lab. Ya ci nasara.
Dokta Shettles ya iya ci gaba da hayar dabbar da ke da rai da kuma bunkasa har zuwa ranar shida. (Rana na shida ita ce lokacin da amfrayo zai kasance da kansa a cikin rufin mahaifa.)
Ya tafi ya wallafa Ovum Humanum , littafin da ya ƙunshi fiye da 1,000 hotunan kwai a cikin matakai daban-daban na ci gaba.
Dr. Robert Edwards 'Ya fara IVF Research
A halin yanzu, a Ingila, Dokta Robert Edwards yana ƙoƙari wajen haɗuwa da vitro tare da ƙwayar mice. Ya ci nasara kuma yana so ya yi daidai da ƙwayoyin mutum. Ya yi kokari don shekaru amma ba sa'a.
A shekarar 1965 Dr. Edwards ya tafi Amirka, inda ya sadu da Doctors Howard da Georgeanna Jones a Jami'ar John Hopkins.
Dr. Howard Jones dan jariri ne , wanda ke kula da rashin haihuwa. Matarsa, Dokta Georgeanna Jones, ta kasance magungunan ɗalibai ne. Ta bi da rashin haihuwa tare da hanyoyi marasa amfani.
Dr. Edwards ya gaya wa Jones 'game da begensa na gano hanyar yin amfani da shi a cikin bitur na ma'aurata waɗanda ba za su iya yin tunani ba.
Jones ya amince ya taimaka masa, kuma tare da juna, sun samu nasarar samo jikin mutum.
Ƙarin Ƙari, Ƙari Ci Gaba
Bayan ya dawo Ingila, Dokta Edwards ya so ya yi kokarin canjawa da kwai a cikin cikin mahaifa.
Wannan ne lokacin da Dr. Edward ya sadu da Dokta Patrick Steptoe.
Dokta Steptoe ya kirkiro wani sabon aikin ƙwayar da ake kira laparoscopy . Wannan ƙwararren ƙware ne inda aka sanya kananan ƙwayar cikin ciki, kuma ana sanya kyamara da kayan aikin ta hanyar wannan haɗuwa.
Ta hanyar laparoscopy, za a iya samo ɗakun tsuntsaye mai girma daga macewan ovaries. Wannan zai zama mafi banƙyama fiye da sauran zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi a wancan lokaci.
Dokta Jones ya shaida wa Dr Steptoe mafarkin IVF magani. Sun yanke shawarar yin aiki tare.
A baya a cikin teku, a Amurka, Ƙungiyar lafiya ta Amirka ta yi magana akan IVF. Sun jaddada cewa binciken da ya shafi "jikin mutum" ya kamata ya tsaya.
Ƙungiyar Farfesa ta Amirka ta yi tunani daban.
Sa'an nan kuma jagorancin Dr. Georgeanna Jones, AFS ya bayyana cewa bincike akan ci gaban in vitro dole ne ci gaba .
Kuma ya yi. Amma tare da ci gaba da jayayya da hadarin ga likitocin da suka shafi.
Ƙoƙari na farko a IVF Jiyya An Kashe
Dokta Shettles ya kasance mai ƙaddara don kawo cikin duniya na farko da aka ba da jariri a ciki. Doris da Dokta John Del-zio sun ba da kansu don su zama iyayen farko na IVF tare da taimakon Dr. Shettles.
Doris da Dokta John Del-zio sun sha wahala daga rashin haihuwa shekaru biyar. Cunkurin ovarian ruptured ya haifar da katange tubes a cikin Doris. Tana ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi gyaran gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare da kuma ƙoƙari guda uku na kwari. Babu wani magani da ya ci nasara.
Dokta Shettles ta ce IVF tana iya zama amsar da za ta iya ba da taimako.
Duk da haka, jami'ar Shettles ba ta da kariya ga shirinsa. A gaskiya ma, yana ci gaba da koyarwa da kai tsaye na masu girma. Ya kuma zaɓi ya watsar da shawarwari masu kyau akan bincike akan mutane.
A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba, 1973, Dr. Shettles ya dawo da ƙwai daga Doris, maniyyi daga Yahaya, kuma ya haɗa su cikin gilashin gilashi.
Sa'an nan kuma, ya sanya wutan a cikin wani incubator, inda ya shirya ya ajiye shi don 'yan kwanaki don ba da damar haɗuwa da haɓaka amfrayo.
Amma kafin hadi da halayyar amfrayo zai iya faruwa, daya daga cikin abokan aikin Dr. Shettles ya ruwaito gwajinsa marar amincewa.
An cire macijin daga cikin incubator ba tare da dadewa ba, kuma Dr Shettles ya fuskanci kokarinsa na gwajin IVF. Da yiwuwar tsohon IVF jariri ya rasa.
Bayan haka, Dr. Shettles ya tilasta wa barin mukaminsa a Columbia-Presbyterian.
Ciki na farko na IVF yana faruwa a Ingila
A baya a Ingila, a 1975, Dr. Edwards da Dr. Steptoe suka cimma nasarar nasarar IVF na farko.
Amma hawan ciki ya faru ne - an amfrayo cikin embryo a cikin rufin fallopian - kuma ciki ya ƙare a cikin ɓarna.
A halin yanzu, a Amirka, an sanya wasu matsalolin bincike na IVF.
Ba a ba da kyautar tallafi na Tarayya don amfani da "bincike na tayi" (wanda zai hada da bincike na IVF) sai dai idan hukumar ta ba da izinin binciken ta farko.
Amma saboda ba za a halicci hukumar ba har sai Yuni na shekarar 1978, ci gaba ya kasance a taƙaice.
Na farko IVF An haifi da haihuwar
Komawa Ingila, Dr. Edwards da Dr. Steptoe sun ci gaba da yunkurin su na IVF.
A watan Nuwamban 1976, Lesley da John Brown suka gana da Dr. Steptoe.
An rufe kullun falsaran Lesley. Dokta Steptoe ya fada wa Browns cewa hadewar in vitro zai iya taimaka musu. Sun amince da maganin.
Ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, 1977, Dr Steptoe ya dawo da ƙwai daga 'ya'yan ovar Lesley Brown ta hanyar tiyata da laparoscopic. Yin amfani da maniyyi na John Brown, Dokta Edwards ya sanya qwai da maniyyi a cikin wani kayan cin abinci, kuma an samu nasarar samu nasarar.
Bayan kwana biyu, an sake jigilar embryo a cikin mahaifa na Lesley.
Hawan ciki ya faru kuma ya kasance nasara!
Ranar 25 ga watan Yuli, 1978, Louise Joy Brown - jariri na farko na IVF - an haife shi ta hanyar wannan sashen. Ta na da fam 5, 12 oci.
Lafiya, farin ciki, da al'ada.
Fata na IVF Baby in American Returns
A wannan shekarar, a Amirka, Dokta Georgeanna da Howard Jones sun yi ritaya daga Jami'ar John Hopkins. Sun yanke shawara su matsa zuwa Norfolk, Virginia don buɗe asibitin haihuwa .
A ranar da aka haifi Louise Joy Brown, wani jarida ya yi magana da Dr. Howard Jones a Norfolk. Mai ba da rahoto ya tambayi idan jaririn IVF zai yiwu a Amurka.
Dr. Jones ya amsa cewa yana da cikakkiyar yiwuwar, duk abin da suke buƙata shine kudi don yin hakan.
Dr. Jones daga bisani ya karbi kira na wayar tarho daga tsohon likita na haihuwa ya ba da kudi don buɗe asibitin IVF na farko a Amurka.
Amma karin lokaci zai wuce kafin an haifi jaririn IVF a Amurka.
Ƙari IVF Babbobi da aka haifa kuma aka haifa a duniya
Rikici ya ci gaba da tashi da kuma shiga hanyar bincike da ci gaban inganci a cikin Amurka.
Duk da yake wannan yana faruwa, a duniya, fiye da yara IVF suna zuwa.
Ranar 4 ga watan Janairun, 1978, an haife Alastair MacDonald - na biyu IVF jariri da kuma na IVF.
Ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 1980, an haifi jariri na farko na Australian IVF - Candice Elizabeth Reed.
Ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, 1981, jaririn IVF na farko wanda aka haifa wa iyayen Amirka ya isa - amma magani da haifuwa sun faru a Ingila. Sunanta Samantha ne.
A Amurka, Jones ya cigaba da yakin domin ikon budewa da kuma gudanar da asibitin IVF.
Na farko Amurka A Vitro Baby isa!
A ƙarshe, bayan da aka kawar da matsalolin siyasa da dama, asibiti na farko na IV IV ya buɗe a ranar Maris 1, 1980.
A cikin shekara ta farko bayan budewa, Jones ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake juyawa 23 Fry embryo a Norfolk, VA. Ba su da nasara.
A halin yanzu, a Massachusetts, Judy da Roger Carr suna ƙoƙari suyi ciki.
Labarin labarin haihuwa na Carr ya fara da ciki wanda ya zo da sauri amma ya ƙare da sauri. Hawan ciki na farko shi ne abin da ya faru, kuma Judy ya rasa ɗaya daga cikin jaririnsa. Sun yi ƙoƙari su sake juna biyu, sun sake yi ciki da sauri, amma suna da juna mai ciki. Judy ya ɓace ta biyu.
Halittar halitta yanzu yanzu ba zai yiwu ba.
Duk da yake Judy yana farkawa daga tiyata, sai ta karbi wata takarda game da asibitin IVF a Norfolk, VA. IVF ba kawai ba a samuwa a Massachusetts a wannan lokacin, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.
Carrs ya tuntubi Jones kuma an gayyaci su zuwa asibitin IVF. Sun tafi tare da magani na IVF.
Ranar Afrilu 17 ga watan 1981, an cire juyayi na Judy a cikin mahaifa. Ya kasance nasara.
A ƙarshe, a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba, 1981, a ranar 7:46 na safe, an haife Elizabeth Jordan Carr ta cikin sassan cesarean. Babbar jaririn IVF na farko a Amurka.
Lafiya, farin ciki, da al'ada.
A cikin Vitro Fitawa Sa'an nan kuma Vs. Yanzu
Hanya na IVF tana da banbanci a yau fiye da yadda ya yi lokacin da aka kirkiro shi.
An bukaci marasa lafiya na farko na IVF su zauna a asibiti yayin mafi yawan maganin su. Don su auna matakan hormon, dole ne su tara dukkan fitsari.
Yanzu, marasa lafiya na IVF suna iya zama a gida da aiki. Sun daina buƙatar tattara dukan fitsari. Ana amfani da aikin jini don kimanta matakan hormone. Masu lafiya na IVF suna buƙatar shiga cikin asibiti na haihuwa akai-akai domin aikin jini da kuma magunguna. Amma maganin ba shine wani aiki na lokaci-lokaci ba.
A lokutan farkon IVF, lokacin da matakan hormone suka nuna ovulation, dole ne a shirya jigilar kwano a cikin sa'o'i 26 bayan haka. Wannan lokacin yana nufin yin aikin a tsakiyar dare.
A yau, ana amfani da kwayoyi masu amfani da ƙwayoyi masu amfani da su don sarrafa lokacin da kwayar halitta ta auku. Wannan yana ba da izinin tanadar da samfurin a cikin kwanuka mafi yawa na rana. Har ila yau, ya bai wa likitoci damar kula da dukan hanyoyin yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta, da haɓaka matsalolin samun nasara.
Da farko, karɓar kwanciyar buƙatar buƙatar ƙira. An buƙatar Laparoscopy. Wannan ƙwararren ƙware ne inda aka sanya kananan ƙwayar cikin ciki, kuma ana sanya kyamara da kayan aikin ta hanyar wannan haɗuwa.
A yau, ana amfani da allurar da ake sarrafawa ta hanyar taya-fitila don dawo da qwai. Wannan yana da muhimmanci ƙwarai da gaske, marar haɗari, kuma yana da lokacin da ya fi ƙarfin lokaci.
Matsalar da za ta iya yiwuwa na IVF: A cikin Vitro Farin Yanzu A Vivo ?
Wasu addinai suna da haɓaka da ra'ayin haɗuwa a waje da jiki.
Hanyar GIFT, wadda Dokta Shettles ta kirkiri a shekarar 1979, ta ba da izinin hadi ya faru a jikin. Amma fasaha ba shi da haɗari kuma ba shi da matakan nasara.
Hanyar gamuwa ta intrafallopian (GIFT) ita ce magani na haihuwa wanda ya yi kama da IVF. A cikin ita, mace tana karɓar kwayoyi na haihuwa don ta kwantar da ovaries. Ana kuma fitar da ƙwainta daga ovaries ta hanyar alluranta mai shiryarwa.
Amma sabanin IVF, haɗuwa da kwai ba ya faru a cikin lab. Maimakon haka, ƙwayar da sperm suna canjawa zuwa shamban fallopian , inda haɗuwa zai saba faruwa.
Saboda rashin nasara da rashin nasara da hanyar, GIFT yana da wuya a yi a yau.
Sabuwar fasaha na iya yin haɗi cikin jikin da take samuwa ga dukan ma'aurata IVF.
An yi amfani da na'urar da ake kira AneVivo a Ƙasar Ingila. An karbi amincewa daga Hukumar Harkokin Harkokin Dan Adam da Harkokin Embryology (HFEA) a watan Satumba na 2015.
Masu bincike da ke tattare da ci gaban sabon na'ura sunyi imani da lafiyar amfrayo na iya ingantawa idan amfrayo suna ciyar da lokaci kadan a cikin lab kuma karin lokaci a yanayin yanayi na mahaifa.
Sabuwar fasaha ta shafi sanya kwai da kwayar halitta a cikin ƙananan matsurar. (Gwargwadon gwargwadon ruwa na tsawon mita daya ne kawai kuma daya mintimita ɗaya.)
Wannan sutura an canja shi zuwa cikin cikin mahaifa na tsawon awa 24. A wannan lokacin, da fatan, zato zai faru.
Bayan lokacin da aka tsara, an cire capsule. Doctors sa'an nan kuma bude murfin su kuma zaɓa embryos mai kyau don canjawa wuri zuwa cikin mahaifa.
Ba wai kawai wannan sabon fasaha zai iya warware matsalolin addini (ga wasu) ba, kuma zai iya samar da yanayi na yanayi don tsarawa.
Har ila yau, zai ba wa mata damar kwarewa a cikin jiki.
Ƙari kan IVF magani a yau:
- Fassarori, Risks, Kuɗi, da Success Rates
- Yaya yawancin kudin IVF yake?
- 7 Wayoyi don Biyan Kuɗi da Kuɗi don IVF
- 17 Zaɓuɓɓuka don Jiyya na rashin amfani
- Sanadin rashin amfani
- Ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Dan Adam
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LaVietes, Stuart. "Dr. LB Shettles, 93, Pioneer in Child Kidtility. "The New York Times. An buga shi ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/16/nyregion/dr-lb-shettles-93-pioneer-in-human-fertility.html
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Babbar jarrabawar jariri: Ƙwarewar Amirka. "Halitta: Howard da Georgeanna Jones." Http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/babies-bio-joness/
Babbar jarrabawar jariri: Ƙwarewar Amirka. "Tarihi: Doris da John Del-Zio." Http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/babies-biography-del-zios/
Babbar jarrabawar jariri: Ƙwarewar Amirka. "Tarihi: Judy da Roger Carr." Http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/babies-bio-carrs/
Babbar jarrabawar jariri: Ƙwarewar Amirka. "Tsarin lokaci: Tarihin In Vitro Fertilization." Http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/babies/